1. Italian and German Unification

2. Guiseppe Mazzini Leader of Young Italy Revolution of 1848
Influenced by patriotism and nationalism
Revolution of 1848
Occurred in every major city of Europe
Influenced by both ideas
Goal was to unify Italy

3. Revolutions of 1848 Were idealistic in nature
No unifying force behind the revolts
Influenced by:
Liberalism
Nationalism
Socialism
All failed.

4. Realpolitk
Politics based on practical and material factors rather that on theoretical or ethical objectives.
Ideas based on realpolitik became the basis for unification after the failure of 1848.

5. Count Cavour Led unification of Italy 1810-61
Prime Minister of Sardinia,
Used a series of wars to create Italy around the Sardinian monarchy

6. Crimean War
Russia vs. Britain, France, Ottoman Empire and Sardinia
First “modern” war
Ended with a huge peace conference
Sardinia only entered the war when if looked as if the Allies would win

7. French-Sardinian Alliance
France and Sardinia created an alliance as a result of the war.
Goal was to reduce the influence of Austria in Europe.
Agreed to launch a war against Austria.
French leader was Napoleon III.

8. First Phase: Austro-Italian War (1859)
French-Sardinian Alliance:
Goal was to seize Austrian controlled territory in Italy.
Sardinia promised France both Nice and Savoy in order to oust Austria from Lombardy and Venetia.
Napoleon III agreed to this.

9. Napoleon III French leader 1848-1870
Easily led in international affairs. Pulled out of alliance when he realized the Sardinian goal.
Kept Nice and Savoy.
Sardinia only got Lombardy.
Sponsored “revolutions” in northern Italy in 1860.

10. Second Phase: Guiseppe Garibaldi
Most northern Italian states “voted” to join Sardinia in 1860.
Guiseppe Garibaldi
Leader in the 1848 Revolution
Lead the next phase of unification.

11. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
Garibaldi formed the Red Shirts
Attacked the Kingdom of Naples (Sicily and southern Italy).
Inspired an uprising.
Cavour’s troops marched in.
November 1860: Sardinia controlled all of Italy except Rome, Venetia, and Trentino.

12. Victor Emmanuel II King of Sardinia, became the first King of Italy
First Italian Parliament met in 1861.
Used outward for of a constitutional monarchy, run as a major European power

13. Italy 1860
Gained Venetia in 1866
Rome: 1870
Trentino: 1919

14. Realpolitk
Politics based on practical and material factors rather that on theoretical or ethical objectives.
Became the policy followed in German unification.

15. German Unification Part 1: Economic Unification
German Confederation made up of 38 states
Led to the need for a customs union
Zollverein
Formed 1834
Demonstrated that economic cooperation was good for business
Made political unification easier

16. Revolutions of 1848 Influenced by:
Liberalism
Nationalism
Socialism
Revolutionaries in Frankfurt offer the German crown to the King of Prussia
He refuses
Led army to put down the revolution

17. 1848 Revolutions By 1850 Prussia is the strongest state in Germany
Industrial revolution is underway

18. Otto von Bismarck Most important figure in German unification
Junker (East Prussian aristocratic class)
“Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…the great questions of the day are settled by blood and iron…”

19. Became a diplomat in 1848 By 1862 he was Chancellor of Prussia
Advised the king to ignore the Reichstag during a constitutional crisis
King wanted to modernize the military, Reichstag didn’t
King ignored them

20. Wars of German Unification
War with Denmark (1864)
Schleswig/Holstein
Alliance with Austria
Seven Weeks War (1866)
Defeats Austria at the Battle of Sadowa (Konigsgratz)
German Confederation ended
North German Confederation formed
By 1867, this controlled by Prussia

21. Napoleon III Ruler of France 1848-1870 Elected President 1848
Seized power in 1852
Proclaimed the Second French Empire

22. Second French Empire Restored order in France
France underwent an industrial revolution
Rebuilt cities
Modernized Paris
Began an active campaign of seizing overseas colonies
1863: Put Maximilian Hapsburg on the throne of Mexico
Conned by Bismarck to stay out of Austro-Prussian War
After 1866, became diplomatically isolated in Europe
Bismarck began to work against him

23. Wars of German Unification
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Bismarck went out of his way to find a cause to start the war
Fought as a Limited War
Goal was limited, not to destroy Austria, but to get them out of the way
Claim to the throne of Spain was the cause

24. Franco-Prussian War Ems Dispatch Needlegun
Destroyed the French army at the Battle of Sedan
Laid siege to Paris

25. Treaty of Frankfurt (1870) Alsace and Lorraine surrendered to Prussia
France must pay an indemnity
North German completely taken over by Prussia
Southern Germany votes to join with Prussia

26. Kaiser Wilhelm I German Empire proclaimed at Versailles in 1871
Germany grew into the industrial powerhouse of Europe
France seething for revenge

27. German Industrial Growth
Kulturkämpf
Bismarck saw the Catholic Church as a threat to his power
Began a campaign to reduce the power of the Church in Germany
Failed
Southern Germany integrated as a full political partner in the Empire

28. German Industrial Growth
Socialism
Saw Socialists as a threat to his power
Began a campaign to get rid of them
Failed
Gave in to their demands to silence them
40 hour work week
Health insurance
Worker’s compensation
Paid vactions
By 1900, Germany was the best place in the world to be an industrial worker

29. Austria Hungary
Created in 1867 because of a nationalist revolt in Hungary
2 nations ruled by the same man
Foreign policy and military are run jointly
Ruled by the Emperor Franz Joseph (r )

30. Franz-Joseph
Hapsburg
Family ruled southeast Europe and the Balkans