1. Nationalism in Europe
How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe?
Ottoman
Empire
Germany
Italy
Austria-
Hungary
Russia

2. What is Nationalism? Culture History Nationality Language
Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture
Pos –overthrow absolute rule, democratic governments
Neg – Forced assimilation, extreme nationalism leads to war
Culture
History
shared way of life
a common past
Nationality
Language
shared ethnic ancestry
Nation
shared communication
Territory
Religion
land belongs to group
shared by most

3. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

4. Nationalism Unifies Italy
Early 1800s Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement
1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy
Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region
Camillo di Cavour
Sardinia
King Victor Emmanuel II

5. Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

6. 1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies & part of Papal States
Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy
Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister
1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states
Pope still controls the Vatican but Rome would become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy
Garibaldi
Rome
Pope Pius XI

7. Austro-Prussian War, 1866

8. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

9. French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

10. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

11. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

12. The German Confederation

13. Nationalism Unifies Germany
1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia
Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM
OVB uses “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)
OVB runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron
Wilhelm I
OVB’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states
1) 1864: OVB convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark
Schleswig-Holstein
Weak will be devoured by the strong!
Otto von Bismarck

14. Confederation of North German States
2) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War
Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States
3) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states
Confederation of North German States
1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III
4) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany
Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister)

15. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

16. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.