1. CURRENTS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

3. A. Currents in North Atlantic Ocean
Warm
Cold

4. North Equatorial Current (warm)
formed between the equator and 100N latitude.
generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa.
obstructed by the land barrier of the east coast of Brazil, is bifurcated into two branches
Antilles current - The Antilles current is diverted northward and flows to the east of West Indies islands, and helps in the formation of Sargasso Sea eddy
Caribbean current- the Caribbean current enters the Gulf of Mexico and becomes Gulf Stream

5. Florida current - from the strait of Florida to Cape Hatteras,
(2) Gulf Stream (warm)
The Gulf Stream is a system of Florida current, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift (current) .
This current system originates in the Gulf of Mexico and reaches the western coasts of Europe.
Florida current - from the strait of Florida to Cape Hatteras,
average temperature of surface water is 24 C, salinity is 36°/0.
The annual average velocity 72 miles per day
but it becomes 100 to 120 miles per day in January and June.
Gulf Stream- from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Bank.
discovered for the first time by Ponce de Leon in the year 1513.
The Gulf Stream carries warm water northward into the cold water of high latitudes and thus modifies the weather conditions of the adjoining areas.
The average velocity 10 to 15 miles per day.
This current transports 74 to 93 million of water per second.
The inversion of temperature (warmer air above cool air) caused due to the convergence of warm Gulf Stream and cold Labrador Current near Newfoundland results in the formation of dense fogs which present effective obstructions in the navigation of ships.

6. North Atlantic Current -from Grand Bank to the Western European coast.
The Gulf Stream is divided into many branches at 45 N latitude and 45 W longitudes.
All the branches are collectively called as North Atlantic Drift or current.
This currents largely modifies the weather conditions of the western coasts of Europe.
(3) Canary Current (cold) flows along the western coast of North Africa between Maderia and Cape Verde.
this current is the continuation of North Atlantic Drift which turns southward near the Spanish coast and flows to the south along the Coast of Canaries Island.
The average velocity of this current is 8 to 30 nautical miles per day.
This current finally merges with the north equatorial current.

7. (4) Labrador Current (cold) originates in the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait and after flowing through the coastal waters of Newfoundland and Grand Bank merges with the Gulf Stream around 50 W longitude. The flow discharge rate of the current is 7.5 million m of water per second. This current brings with it a large number of big icebergs as far south as Newfoundland and Grand Bank. Which is effective hindrances in the oceanic navigation. Dense fogs are also produced due to the convergence of the Labrador cold current and the Gulf Stream near New­foundland.

8. B. Sargasso Sea
Introduction- anticyclone circulation of ocean currents. The water confined in this gyral is calm and motionless.
Extent- found between 20°-40°N latitudes and ° W longitudes.
Origin-
anticyclonic circulation of the North Equatorial current, the Gulf Stream and the Canary current and thus the confined water does not have any connection with remaining waters of the ocean. Thus, the confined water becomes calm and motionless
The Sargasso sea is located in the transition zone of the trade winds (N.E. Trades) and the westerlies. This zone is characterized by the subsidence of air from above and the resultant anticyclonic conditions.
the anticyclonic conditions cause atmospheric stability and hence there are very feeble and calm winds due to which there is little mixing of confined water (Sargasso sea) with the remaining waters of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Main Characteristics-the highest salinity 37%. It is also increased because of no mixing of the water of the Sargasso Sea with the remaining water of the North Atlantic Ocean. The mean annual temperature is 28°C. The sea is covered with rootless sea weeds which obstruct navigation. There are contrasting opinions about the extent and origin of sargassum (sea weeds).

10. Sargasso Sea

11. C. Currents in South Atlantic Ocean

12.  South Equatorial Current (warm)- flows from the western coast of Africa to the eastern coast of South America.
This current is basically originated under the stress of trade winds.
Brazil Current (warm)-
it is characterized by high temperature and high salinity.
It is generated because of the bifurcation of the south equatorial current because of obstruction of the Brazilian coast near Sun Rock.
Falkland Current (cold)-
The cold waters of the Antarctic Sea flows along the eastern coast of South America up to Argentina.
This current becomes most extensive and developed near 30 S latitude.
This current also brings numerous icebergs from the Antarctic area to the South American coast.

13. South Atlantic Drift (cold)-
The eastward continuation of the Brazil current is called South Atlantic Drift.
It is originated because of the deflection of the Brazil warm current eastward at 40° S latitude due to the deflective force of the rotation of the earth.
This current is also known as the Westerlies Drift or the Antarctic Drift.
Benguela Current (cold) –
This is flows from south to north along the western coast of south Africa.
In fact, the South Atlantic Drift turns north­ward due to obstruction caused by the southern tip of Africa.

14. Counter-equatorial Current (warm)

15. D. Counter-equatorial Current (warm)
flows from west to east in between the westward flowing strong north and south equatorial currents.
This is less developed in the west due to stress of trade winds.
This carries relatively higher temperature and lower density than the two equatorial currents.
It is argued that south-west monsoon winds develop in the zone of equatorial calm (doldrum) during northern summers.
According to another view the counter equatorial current is originated due to piling up of immense volume of water because of the convergence of the two great equatorial warm currents near the coast of Brazil.

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