1. DNA Technology

2. DNA Extraction Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst
The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture
This is called “spooling” DNA

3. “Spooled” DNA

4. Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

5. Electrophoresis DNA can be separated based on size and charge
The phosphate groups are negatively charged
DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

6. Electrophoresis Negative DNA moves toward the positive end
Smaller fragments move farther and faster

7. Electrophoresis

8. Steps in DNA Sequencing
Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube
DNA polymerase is added
A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached
Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye

9. Steps in DNA Sequencing
By chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added
Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

10. DNA Sequencing
The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

11. DNA Sequencing
After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

12. Copying DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR
A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

13. Steps in Copying DNA A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube
DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

14. Steps in Copying DNA The DNA is heated to separate the two strands
Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

15. Copying DNA
The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

16. Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample
PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

17. Cloning Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells
May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

18. Cloning organisms
A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused
The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

19. Cloning “Dolly”

20. Human Genome Project

21. Human Genome Project Started in 1990
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
Mapping every gene location (loci)
Conducted by scientists around the world

22. HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons)
Other 98% (introns) are non-coding
Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000)
Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins
About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide
About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

23. Benefits of Human Genome Project
Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …
Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.
Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

24. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

25. Biotechnology -
The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

26. Biotechnology Provides:
Improved food products
Medical advances
An enhanced environment

27. Herbicide Resistant Crops
+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup
gene Ready
Soybeans: Roundup Ready
Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link
Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready
Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

28. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Insulin (1982)
First commercial biotech product
Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin
Rice
Enriched with beta-carotene and iron
Bananas
Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

29. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Potatoes with higher solid content
Garlic that lowers cholesterol
Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

30. Environmental Benefits
Reduced pesticide use
Lower energy requirements
Cleaner water
Less soil erosion