1. My sisters keeper trailer

2. Starter
Do you believe human embryos should be harvested for stem cell research?

3. Curriculum link: 1.1 Cell biology.
Ethical implications of research – research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues.
Lesson Objectives
Describe what stem cells are and where they are found
Describe the role of stem cells in embryonic development
Evaluate the ethical questions that raise from the use of stem cells

4. 1.1.7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

5. Key notes
Inside each nucleus of every cell in your body is the blue prints to clone you.
However cells become differentiated and only express some genes and not others in a cell’s genome.
Stem cells are undifferentiated and this gives them the ability to be used to as replacement for many different types of cells that have been lost or damaged.
Human stem cells are found in human embryos and some adult tissues like bone marrow.
If they can be harvested, they can be used in other parts of the body to regenerate damaged tissues.

6. Some animals are able to re-grow parts of their bodies…

8. But most are not 

9. A Stem Cell Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-3J6JGN-_Y

10. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can:
1.1.7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can:
Can continuously divide & replicate
Have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types
Totipotent (embryonic)
Can differentiate into any type of cell.
Pluripotent (embryonic)
Can differentiate into many
types of cell.
Multipotent (embryonic)
Can differentiate into a few closely-related types of cell.
Unipotent (adult)
Can regenerate but can only differentiate into their associated cell type (e.g. liver stem cells can only make liver cells).

11. Stem Cells retain the capacity to divide and can differentiate along divergent pathways.
By Fwfu at en.wikibooks [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

12. Learn about stem cells using the tutorials
1.1.7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.
Learn about stem cells using the tutorials

13. Stargardt's macular dystrophy
1.1.7 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.
Stargardt's macular dystrophy
The problem
Affects around 1 in 10,000 children
Recessive genetic (inherited) condition
The mutation causes an active transport protein on photoreceptor cells to malfunction, causing photoreceptor cells to degenerate
That causes progressive, and eventually total, loss of central vision
The treatment
Embryonic stem cells are treated to divide and differentiate to become retinal cells
The retinal cells are injected into the retina
The retinal cells attach to the retina and become functional
Central vision improves as a result of more functional retinal cells
The future
This treatment is still in at the stage of limited clinical trials, but will likely be in usage in the future

14. Treatment for Leukemia
1.1.7 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.
Treatment for Leukemia
Problem
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow, resulting in abnormally high levels of poorly-functioning white blood cells.
Treatment
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used to destroy the white blood cells, but these need to be replaced with healthy cells. Bone marrow transplants are often used for this.
Role of Stem Cells
Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) can be harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood. As these can differentiate to form any type of white blood cell, they can be used to repopulate the bone marrow and produce new, healthy blood cells. The use of a patient’s own HSCs means there is far less risk of immune rejection than with a traditional bone marrow transplant.
From:
Animation of this process:
Animated tutorials from:

15. Comparison of stem cell sources
Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
Comparison of stem cell sources
Embryo
Cord blood
Adult
Ease of extraction
Can be obtained from excess embryos generated by IVF programs.
Easily obtained and stored. Though limited quantities available
Difficult to obtain as there are very few and are buried deep in tissues
Ethics of the extraction
Can only be obtained by destruction of an embryo
Umbilical cord is removed at birth and discarded whether or not stem cells are harvested
Adult patient can give permission for cells to be extracted
Growth potential
Almost unlimited
Reduced potential (compared to embryonic cells)
Tumor risk
Higher risk of development
Lower risk of development

16. Comparison of stem cell sources
Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
Comparison of stem cell sources
Embryo
Cord blood
Adult
Differentiation
Can differentiate into any cell type
Limited capacity to differentiate (without inducement only naturally divide into blood cells)
Even more limited capacity to differentiate (dependent on the source tissue)
Genetic damage
Less chance of genetic damage than adult cells
Due to accumulation of mutations through the life of the adult genetic damage can occur
Compatibility
Stem cells are not genetically identical to the patient
Fully compatible with the patient as the stem cells are genetically identical

17. Do you agree or disagree?
Destroying an embryo to get the stems cells is like murder. This should be a crime.
The government should pay for embryonic stem cell research. This could be our only hope for treatment of many injuries and diseases that cause suffering and death.
An early embryo that has not yet implanted into the uterus does not have the psychological, emotional or physical properties that we associate with being a person. It therefore does not have any interests to be protected and we can use it for the benefit of patients
The embryo cannot develop into a child without being transferred to a woman’s uterus. It needs external help to develop. Even then, the probability that embryos used for in vitro fertilization will develop into full-term successful births is low. Something that could potentially become a person should not be treated as if it actually were a person