1. Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Lecture 19
Employee Heath & Well-Being

2. The concept of mental health
Affective well-being
Competence
Autonomy
Aspiration
Integrated functioning: balance, harmony,
inner relatedness

4. Environmental influences on mental health
Opportunity for control
Opportunity for skill use
Externally generated goals
Environmental variety
Environmental clarity
Availability of money
Physical security
Opportunity for interpersonal contact
Valued social position

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10. Work Interfering Family (WIF) Family Interfering Work (FIW)
Work-Family Conflict
Work Interfering Family (WIF) Family Interfering Work (FIW)
Time based interference / conflict
Stress based interference / conflict
Behavior based interference / conflict

11. The Basic Model of Spillover
(Frone, Yardley, & Markle, 1997)
Well-being in
Work Domain
Demands & Supports
In Work Domain
WFC
(WIF & FIW)
Well-being in
Family Domain
Demands & Supports
In Family Domain

12. Psychological Well-Being
Satisfaction
with support
Source of
support
Type of
support
Work
Support
Satisfaction with
family
Guilt
Negative
Family Outcomes
Work interfering family
Work
Demands
overload
involvement
control
Psychological Well-Being
control
involvement
overload
Negative Work Outcomes
Family Demands
Family Interfering Work
Turnover
intention
Job
satisfaction
Family Support
Type of
support
Source of
support
Satisfaction
with support

13. Spillover Effect in Turkish Context
Work
Support
-.71
-1.04
.51
.27
Negative
Family Outcomes
Work interfering family
Work
Demands
.50
Psychological Well-Being
.52
.37
Negative Work Outcomes
Family Demands
Family Interfering Work
.15
-.63
-.84
Family Support
χ² /df
GFI
AGFI
TLI
CFI
RMR
2.23
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.95
0.28

14. Gender Differences

15. Gender Difference in Experiences of WIF & FIW

16. Gender Difference in the Effects of Social Support
χ² /df
GFI
AGFI
NFI
CFI
RMSR
1.62
0.97
0.92
0.91
0.96
0.08

17. Correlates of WFC: An Exploratory Analysis for Women
Emotional
Spousal Support
Life Satisfaction
Depression
-.32***
Work Overload
-.24***
.48***
Satisfaction
with Parenthood
.39 ***
-.34***
Organizational
Support
WFC
-.17 **
.51***
Employment Related Guilt
.32***
Satisfaction with
Childcare Facilities
-.13 *
Children’s Behavioral Problems
-.19 **
-.34***
-.25**
Perceived Satisfaction
of Child(ren) with Time
Spent with Parents
Family
Relations
Performance Change

18. Correlates of WFC: An Exploratory Analysis for Men
Life Satisfaction
Instrumental
Spousal Support
-.17*
Depression
-.19*
.29***
Satisfaction
with Parenthood
-.35***
WFC
.20**
.60***
Employment Related Guilt
Work Overload
-.32***
Family
Relations

19. The Cross Over Effect: Wife-to-Husband Model
Work Overload –
Wife
Family-to-Work Conflict - Wife
Work-to-Family
Conflict - Wife
Marital
Satisfaction - Husband
.15*
.39***
-.18**
-.12
The Cross Over Effect: Wife-to-Husband Model
χ² /df
GFI
AGFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
1.73
0.982
0.929
0.90
0.966
0.062

20. The Cross Over Effect: Husband-to-Wife Model
Work Overload
Husband
Family-to-Work
Conflict –
Work-to-Family
Conflict - Husband
Life
Satisfaction -
Wife
Marital
Satisfaction –
Employment
Related Guilt –
.15*
.45***
.22**
.16*
-.18*
-.22**
The Cross Over Effect: Husband-to-Wife Model
χ² /df
GFI
AGFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
1.51
0.979
0.93
0.924
0.97
0.052

21. Work-Family-Personal Life Conflict

22. What about ME...? ‘Self’ being identified with work
‘Self’ being identified with family
SELF
FAMILY
WORK
SELF
FAMILY
WORK
‘Self’ as a separate domain
SELF
FAMILY
WORK

23. Three Dimensional Life Balance (Aycan, Eskin & Yavuz, 2007)
Personal Life Demands
Work Demands
Family Demands
Supports
From Work
From Family
Self-Management skills

24. Work-Family-Personal Life Conflict (WFPC)
(work inter.
personal life)
(family inter.
personal life)
(work inter.
family)
(family inter.
work)
(personal life
inter. work)
(personal life
inter. family)

25. WFCP and Psychological Well-Being
Life Satisfaction
Depression
Anxiety
Burnout
WIF
.24***
.13*
.35***
WIP
.21***
FIW
FIP
-.28***
.18***
.25***
PIW
PIF
Standardized Beta weights: Note: *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

26. WFC’s impact on Parenting and Children’s Problems
Observed Responsiveness
(R²=.03)
Internalizing Problems
(R²=.07)
Externalizing Problems
(R²=.15) e1 e2 e3
.18 t
-.26*
.33**
.26*
.43** χ² p
χ² /df
NFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
Model 3: No Responsiveness  Internalizing P.
1.80
.88
.36
.96
1.07
1.17
1.00
.00

27. WFC’s impact on Parenting and Children’s Problems
Internalizing Problems
(R²=.07)
Externalizing Problems
(R²=.12)
Perceived
Control
(R²=.06) e1 e2 e3
.26*
.22*
.24*
.45** χ² p
χ² /df
NFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
Model 3: No Control  Internalizing
3.61
.46
.90
.95
1.00
1.02
.00

28. Behavioral and emotional problems
Externalizing problems:
Aggressive,
disobedient,
destructive, and
impulsive behaviors (Achenbach et al., 1987).
Internalizing problems:
Withdrawal,
fearfulness,
anxiety and
inhibition (Eisenberg et al., 2001).

29. Parenting behaviors Responsiveness: Control:
the quality of the parent’s reacting to child’s needs and demands (Kochanska & Aksan, 2004).
Control:
demands and disciplinary efforts of parents to discourage inappropriate behaviors, and gain compliance from child (Locke & Prinz, 2002).

30. Cross-Cultural Differences
“Work and family – almost conflict in
terms” (An Australian woman)
“Work and family: salt and pepper of
life” (A Taiwanese woman)
“I work for my own personal well-being. I cannot waste my years of education” (An American woman)
“My family is my priority; I do everything for them – I work like crazy so that they don’t have to go through the difficulties that I have gone through in life” (A Chinese men)

31. “I am 30 years old and single
“I am 30 years old and single. I have to choose if I want to make my professional dreams come true or my woman dreams. I’m living with my parents and I’ve been selfish because I am quite ambitious” (A Mexican woman)
“I come back tired from work, and my neighbors come in to drink coffee, and to check how I manage my home duties” (An Arab woman)
“My mother-in-law said when we had our first child, ‘Do the tigers give their babies to the elephants to get raised? Do the elephants ever give their babies to the lions to get raised?’ I thought ‘Oh gosh, I better stay at home with my own kids’”. (An American women)
“My mother-in-law almost got fainted when I told her that I wanted to give my child to daycare. She took it as the biggest insult to herself” (A Turkish woman)

32. Theoretical Sampling of Countries
Non-institutional
(extended family or paid workers)
Israel
Taiwan
Ukraine
India
Turkey Indonesia
Spain US
Canada
Australia
Societal
Support
Systems
Institutional
(family-friendly governmental & institutional policies & practices)
HIGH
LOW
Gender Development Index
(country ranking; low ranking indicates better development)

33. Project 3535 Team

34. Cross Cultural Comparisons: WIF & FIW

35. Cross Cultural Comparisons: Positive Spillover

36. Contributions Limitations The three-dimensional life balance model.
Systematic examination of the effect of culture on WFC.
Limitations
Self-report measures; cross-sectional designs.
Focus on traditional samples.

37. Conclusions
Work interfering with family is a problem for both males and females.
There is also a positive spillover between work and family.
Among ‘demands’ excessive workload is the strongest correlate of conflict.
Among ‘supports’ spousal and organizational support are the most important resources to alleviate conflict.
Attending to the demands from personal life is important for psychological well-being.