1. Today’s goals Review concepts from unit 1 grammar
Introduce prescriptive writing rules for enhanced formality
Review the first draft of our visual analysis essays

2. Class discussion- unit 1 grammar review
What were the most important or impactful things you remember from the unit 1 grammar lesson?
What are the main parts of speech? Where are there exceptions to these?
What are the two things we need to properly edit our essays?
What are the two types of revisions?
When is it appropriate to use “whom?”

3. Unit 2 Grammar Two opposing types of grammar: Descriptive grammar:
Prescriptive grammar:

4. Unit 2 Grammar Two opposing types of grammar:
Descriptive grammar: grammar that attempts to describe the way in which normal everyday people speak. This is the type studied by linguists.
Prescriptive grammar: grammar concerned with correctness and influenced by many historical, social, and political forces. Although many of its rules have an arbitrary origin, prescriptive grammar rules are still widely used in formal writing. However, many are no longer used in informal writing or everyday speech.

5. Common Prescriptive Rules:
No double negation
No splitting of infinitives/prepositions
Who/whom distinction
You and I/me rules
Shall/will distinction

6. Double Negation:
Prescriptive grammar doesn’t allow for using more than one negative in a sentence. This is based on the mathematic principle that two negatives multiplied together make a positive. How could we revise these sentences that have more than one negative?
You haven’t got no money
I didn’t see nothing
I ain’t never been there
Note: Thousands of languages around the world have double negation and manage to do so with the no problems in understanding or without having two negatives make a positive. This is a great example of how prescriptive grammar rules are arbitrary and do not add to understanding at all.

7. Splitting Infinitives/Prepositions
The notion of not splitting infinitives or prepositions was created by prescriptivists to make English more like Latin, considered the “classical” language. In Latin, infinitives are encoded onto verb information, as with Spanish, so splitting them is impossible.
“To boldly go where no man has gone before”
Who are you speaking to?
She hopes to always win her games
Where are you travelling to?

8. Who/whom Distinction
“Who” is used for the subject form while “whom” is used for the object form. This was originally a descriptive grammar rule but has fallen so far our of everyday usage that “whom” is now used only for very formal contexts and by prescriptivists.
Who/whom are you going to the dance with?
The doctor, who/whom my sister married, is very well respected
Who/whom is the leader of the gang?
To who/whom am I speaking?

9. You and I/me Distinctions
When including 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in one noun phrase, a particular order is used. This order was designated by prescriptivists as the most “polite” order possible: 2nd person (you, the audience), 3rd person (someone not involved in the conversation), and 1st person (yourself).
Jamie and me went to the store
The shopkeeper gave the package to Marie and I
Between you and I, there is nothing so great as a relaxing day of fishing
Eunice agreed to go to the fair with Lana and I

10. Shall/will Distinction
This was originally a descriptive grammar rule that has also fallen out of usage and is only implemented prescriptively. “Shall” is used whenever speaking in 1st person. “will” is used for 2nd and 3rd person.
She shall/will never eat donuts again
I shall/will do my homework as soon as I get home
Jason shall/will graduate at the top of his class

11. Common Prescriptive Rules:
No double negation
Do not use more than one negative word in a single sentence.
No splitting of infinitives/prepositions
Do not place words between prepositions and their modifiers or between an infinitival ‘to’ and its following verb
Do not separate infinitives/prepositions from the accompanying verb/noun
Common prepositions can be found on p of your EW
Who/whom distinction
‘Who’ is the subject form, and ‘whom’ is the object form
The object form will be used when the word is the object (or receiver) of a verb or the object of a preposition
The subject form will be used when that is the person performing the main verb of the sentence
Excellent test for who/whom is to replace the word with ‘he’ or ‘him’. “he” is the subject form and correlates to ‘who’ while ‘him’ is the object form and correlates to ‘whom’
You and I/me distinctions
‘I’ is the subject form and ‘me’ is the object form
‘You’ is both subject form and object form
When combing first person (I), second person (you), and third person (he/she, James/Jill) into one noun phrase, they must go in the order: second person, third person, first person
Ex: You, Jason, and I should go to the movies this weekend
Shall/will distinction
‘Shall’ is always used with first person
‘Will’ is always used with second and third person

12. Verb Tenses Base Past (usually –ed)
Past Participle (usually –en or –ed)
Present Participle (-ing)
Third Person Singular (-s)

13. Unit 2 Grammar: Verbs Every sentence requires a finite verb
Infinitives and auxiliary verbs do not count as finite verbs
Finite verbs will usually come in one of five forms: base form, past tense, past participle, present participle, or –s form
Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs that

14. Unit 2 Grammar: Verbs Perfect Progressive Passive
Has + past participle verb (usually –ed or –en)
I have eaten lunch already today
Progressive
Be + present participle verb (-ing)
I am eating lunch right now
Passive
Past be + past participle (subject and object are flipped from original sentence)
Normal: I performed the experiment
Passivized: The experiment was performed by me today

15. Compound Constructions
Perfect Progressive
I have been fishing all over the world
Perfective Passive
That experiment has been performed five times
Progressive Passive
The apple was being eaten by worms
Perfect Progressive Passive
Prometheus’ liver has been being eaten since the dawn of time

16. Group Activity: Grammar Worksheet 2
In your new groups
Correct and edit Grammar Worksheet 2. Make sure to include the explanations for all of your corrections.

17. Group activity- visual analysis intro review
In your new groups
Exchange the first draft of your visual analysis essay with another classmate. Read through it and answer the questions below:
What is the student’s hook? Does this successfully grab your attention as a reader, or is a more engaging hook necessary?
What is the student’s thesis. Take this word for word from the text. Does this follow the guidelines for clarity and credibility we discussed last class?
What is the student’s forecasting? Does this seem like it will be sufficient material for the essay?
What is one thing you like about the essay and one thing you would suggest revising?

18. homework Visual Analysis – Draft 2 Sign up for conference 2 500+ words
Should include your introduction and several body paragraphs
Printed and brought to class
Works cited page detailing advertisement selected
Sign up for conference 2
Sign up closes on Thursday at 9:30 am