1. Introduction to Plants
Mrs. Foster

2. Earliest Plants
Algae
Phytoplankton
Lived in the sea

3. Problems with life on land
Drying Out
Making Food
Reproduction
Gravity & Support
Getting water & nutrients
Solution
Waxy cuticle, stomata
Formed leaves
Develops spores & seeds
Bark (cork) & vessels
Roots & vessels

4. Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
6CO2 + 6H20 + radiant energy C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2.
Have cell walls made of Cellulose.
Not all plants have vascular tissue so they are divided into different phyla

5. Types of Plants Nonvascular (Bryophytes) Vascular (Tracheophyta)
Does not have vascular tissue or true roots leaves, or stems.
nonseed plants
Vascular (Tracheophyta)
vessels for transport and support
Have roots, stem, leaves, xylem, and phloem

6. TRACHEOPHYTES
Without seeds
With seeds

7. Nonvascular: The Bryophytes
Must grow in moist environments
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
AVASCULAR = very small
Liverworts were the first land plants
500 m.y.a.
Used for fuel (peat)

8. Liverwort / Moss

9. Non-seed Vascular: The Pteridophytes
Club Mosses (Lycophyta)
- Leaves produce spores
Horsetails (Arthrophyta)
Jointed stems
Reproduction similar to club moss
Ferns (Pterophyta)
400 m.y.a.

10. Seed Vascular: The Spermatphytes
Cycads, Ginkgo Biloba, Gnetophyta, Conifers, Anthophyta
360 million yrs ago during the Paleozoic Era.
Conifers= 250 million yrs ago
seeds surrounded by a fruit or carried on scales of a cone.
Can grow in a wide variety of habitats.

11. Vascular Plants Vascular tissue that transports food and water
Vascular refers to veins
Vessels
XYLEM = transports water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
PHLOEM = transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant
Spores or seeds for reproduction

12. Seedless Vascular Plants
have vascular system, but do not produce seeds or flowers
ex: fern
Leaves= fronds
Produce spores
3 divisions
Lycophyta – club mosses
Arthrophyta- horsetails
Pterophyta- ferns

13. Why Make Seeds? Has own food supply
Protective coat against harsh conditions
Some are designed for travel to new areas

14. Vascular Seed Plants
Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are favorable for growth.
Two types of seed plants
Gymnosperms (4 phyla)
Angiosperms (1 large phylum)

15. Gymnosperms Gymno = “naked” Sperm = “seed”
First plants to produce seeds
No flowers, No fruit
Seeds are not protected by a fruit
Examples:
Ginkgo biloba
Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves
Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods

16. Coniferophyta (largest group of gymnosperms)
Needle or scale-like leaves
Bear seeds in woody cones
Can live in very cold climates
Most are evergreens
Have wood
Made of thick-walled vessels

17. Angiosperms Angio – “flower” Sperm – “seed” Extremely diverse
All have seeds enclosed in fruit
Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds
Fruit is the ripened ovary of flower
Fruit aid in seed dispersal
Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees

18. Flowers Pistils = female reproductive structures
Stamens = male reproductive structures
Complete flowers
Have petals & sepals
Have male and female parts
Incomplete flowers = missing one or more parts

19. Two types of Angiosperms
Monocot
Ex: corn, grass
Dicot
Ex. trees, shrubs, sunflowers , most flowers

20. Types of Angiosperms Monocots mono = “one” cot = “seed leaf”
Approx. 60,000 species
Flowers = multiples of 3
Leaf veins parallel
Dicots
di = “two”
cot = “seed leaf”
Approx. 170,000 species
Flowers = multiples of 4 or 5
Leaf veins branching