1. 10th Euro Studies 10.17.16 Turn in: Take out: Today’s Agenda:
Nothing
Take out:
Planner
Pen, Paper
NOTES…
Today’s objective:
I can describe how the Reformation began and impacted the structure of European society.
Today’s Agenda:
Back to Church…Some background on “Reform”
95 Thesis
HW:
95 Thesis paraphrase & summary (stamp)
Exam Review…for Friday(?)

2. The Protestant Reformation
A (QUICK) Overview

3. Breakdown of Denominations

4. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Interested in authority of clergy.
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own.
Lived during Western Schism (Avignon Papacy…& Antipopes?!?).
This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

5. Early Reformers Cont… Jan Hus (1369-1415)
He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope.
At the Council of Constance, (the Avignon Popes & Western Schism…) he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.”
Lived in Bohemia (Modern Day Czech Republic)
Eucharist (Catholic Sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine)
The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.” Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses.

6. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within.
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will.
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

7. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)
People have access to books whenever they want them.
Like the Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans.
A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

8. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.
People grew displeased with the churches…
Financial Corruption
Abuse of Power
Immorality

9. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)
Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

10. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

11. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

12. Martin Luther—95 Theses
Amore et studio elucidande veritas hec subscripta disputabuntur Wittenberge, Presidente R.P. Martino Lutter, Artium et S. Theologie Magistro eiusdemque ibidem lectore Ordinario. Quare petit, ut qui non possunt verbis presentes nobiscum disceptare agant id literis absentes. In nomine domini nostri Hiesu Christi. Amen.
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

13. Martin Luther—95 Theses
Love and the desire to bring the truth of the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the R.P. At Wittenberg, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in Ordinary on the same at that place. Wherefore he requests that those who are unable to be present with us orally, to do so by letter in their absence. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

14. Johann Tetzel & “Indulgences”
Also a German monk…
Not regarded as very well educated—issues with Latin
But what a great “salesman!”
"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
-- Johann Tetzel
Luther views this as an abuse of the sacrament of Penance/Reconciliation
What will he do???
“In the authority of all the saints, and in compassion towards thee, I absolve thee from all sins and misdeeds, and remit all punishment for ten days.”

15. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin.
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
Catholic View: Good Works

16. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest.
Hence the term Protestant!
Pope Leo X by Raphel

17. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

18. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
More on him later…
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

19. At Your Table Groups
You will be assigned a series of Luther’s Theses. (The translated version is online…)
As an INDIVIDUAL, you will need to PARAPHRASE your selection of lines.
As an INDIVIDUAL, you will need to SUMMARIZE your selection of lines.
PARAPHRASE: a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in your own “vernacular”.
SUMMARY: A condensed statement or account of the main points of something

20. EXIT SLIP…
One of our themes for this class is the “BEST WAY TO DO THINGS” and how this shifts through history…
With this in mind, for your homework this evening, I would like you to consider what institution (again, think of power…) might be placing an injustice upon you or others in the world today…which institution needs REFORMING?
Got it??? Picture it in your mind…now, how might you go about REFORMING that institution?
Write a series of your own THESES…(at least 3) Focus on finding a SOLUTION to the issue.