1. Waste Disposal 1- Gas waste air pollution
The waste gas may contains solid particles or toxic gases
The solid particles may be removed by:
Cyclones
Electrostatic precipitator
Venturi scrubber
The toxic gases may be removed by
Absorption, Scrubbing, Washing…….
The most dangerous toxic gases are SOx, NOx, Cl2, NH3

2. These gases cause ozone depletion where they consume O3 through the following reactions:
SO2 + O3 = SO3 + O2
NO + O3 = NO2 + O2
Cl + O3 = ClO + O2
ClO + O = Cl + O2
O3 absorbs U.V rays which cause skin cancer and premature aging……

3. 2- Liquid waste water pollution
Causes of water pollution:
Dissolved inorganic salts ( Ca and Mg Salts)
Acids and alkalies
Suspended solids and floating matters
Oxygen consuming materials
Toxic and coloring materials

4. BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
The amount of free oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter present in the waste water by aerobic bacteria present in it.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
The amount of free oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter present in the waste water by chemical oxidants.

6. 3- Solid Wastes land (soil pollution)
It causes underground water pollution through leaching operation
To solve the problem of solid wastes
Incineration and burying in concrete encased blocks are possible solutions
Landfilling in un inhibited area

7. Incinerator

8. Landfilling in concrete encased block

9. HAZOP STUDIES Outline: What is HAZOP? HAZOP objectives
When to perform HAZOP?
Basic principles of HAZOP
Information required for HAZOP study
HAZOP study procedure

10. What is HAZOP ? HAZOP objectives :
HAZOP is an abbreviated term for HAZard and OPerability study. It is a systematic examination of the operability of a process. When applied to a process design or an operating plant, it indicates potential hazards that may arise from deviations from the intended design conditions.
HAZOP objectives :
The study objective may be to:
Check the safety of the design
Improve the safety of an existing and or modified facility
Decide whether and where to build instruments

11. When to Perform a HAZOP
Traditionally, HAZOPs were incorporated in the design process of new facilities within the petrochemical industry.
However, as employers take a more performance-based approach to safety, there has been significant interest in applying HAZOP as a risk management tool for a diverse range of work situations, across an array of industries.

12. Basic principles of HAZOP
A formal operability study is the systematic study of the design, vessel by vessel and line by line, using ‘‘guide words’’ to help generate thought about the way deviations from the intended operating conditions can cause hazardous situations.

13. Information Required

14. HAZOP Study Procedure