1. Do Now
Take out your Tetzel and Luther Readings and Questions/Answers

2. Northern Renaissance and the Reformation
Renaissance Spreads to the North
Northern Renaissance is concerned with revival of Christian Spirituality AKA making the Church honorable and pure again
Average people feel bullied between the church and authority (monarchs)

3. Goals for the Reformation
Summarize the factors that encouraged the protestant reformation.
Analyze martin luther’s role in shaping the protestant reformation.
Explain the teachings and impact of john calvin.
Describe the new ideas that protestant sects embraced.
Understand why England formed a new church
Analyze how the catholic church reformed itself.
Explain why many groups faced persecution during the reformation.

4. Causes Social Political Economic Religious
Value humanism and secularism, which leads to people questioning the Church
Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
European princes and kings were jealous of Church's wealth
Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
Printing press helped spread ideas/critics of the Church
Many leaders view the Pope as foreign and challenge his authority
Merchants and others resented paying a tax to the Church
Many people saw indulgences as unacceptable

6. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Church should give up earthly possessions
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own.
Views were unpopular - Removed from teaching position

7. Early Reformers Cont… Jan Hus (1369-1415)
He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope.
Preached against immortality and worldliness of Catholic Church
Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII – burned at the steak
Lived in Bohemia (Modern Day Czech Republic)
Eucharist (Catholic Sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine)
The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.” Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses.

8. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within.
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will.
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

9. The Protestant Reformation
In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity.
The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.
People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

10. Causes of the reformation
1) renaissance – emphasis on the secular (non spiritual) and the individual challenged church authority.
2) printing press – spread the ideas of the renaissance
3) rulers resented the popes’ attempt to control them.
4) northern merchants did not want to pay church taxes to rome.

11. Problems within the church
Critics of the church claimed that its leaders were corrupt.
No respect for priests, monks, and pope
Popes during renaissance – patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure and fought wars.
Some popes admitted to having several children, many priests were not well educated, some were married-gambled-or drank too much.
“if the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our courts is too great.” –Pope pius II.

12. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Purgatory – work off sins
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)

13. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

14. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

15. Johann Tetzel vs. Martin Luther Indulgences, Salvation, and the Role of the Church
What rationale does Tetzel give for obtaining indulgences?
What are the “dangers” of not purchasing indulgences?
What were some the major theological issues questioned by Luther?
What specific accusations does he make against the papacy?

17. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. (Like a bulletin board)
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
Invited people to come debate him
Some took them off, some made copies
Everyone eventually knew about this (PRINTING PRESS)

18. The Teachings of Martin Luther
Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation.
The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope.
All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers.

19. Why did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?
Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia.
Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.
German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty.
Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

20. Reformation!
Luther’s actions started the reformation – a movement of religious reform.
Resulted in the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority.
Luther’s main ideas:
People could win salvation only by faith in god’s gift of forgiveness. (church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.
All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.

21. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest.
Hence the term Protestant!
Pope Leo X by Raphel

22. Response to Luther
After the trial, emperor Charles v issued an imperial order, the edicts of worms.
Declared luther an outlaw and a heretic.
Nobody was suppose to give luther food or shelter, his books were burned.
The state that luther lived disobeyed these orders.

23. Peace of Augsburg
Charles V tried to persuade German princes to convert back to the Holy Roman Church
Several little wars occurred
In 1555 the treaty, Peace of Augsburg, was signed stating that a prince had the right to choose what religion their kingdom would follow
Why do you think Charles V could not force the Protestant princes back into the Catholic Church?
Luther's ideas were too strong
The abuses in the Catholic Church caused people to lose faith

24. John Calvin
The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin.
Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther.
He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva.
A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.
By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

25. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
Luther did not support him (Tampering with God)
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

26. Importance of Printing Press Activity!
In order to get a first-hand understanding to the importance of the Printing Press, you will now take part in the Printing Press Challenge.
Directions:
When I say GO, on a blank piece of paper, you are to copy down the following sentences.
Your writing MUST BE NEAT, grammatically correct, and IDENTICAL to what is written on the board. (punctuation included!)
If you make a mistake, there is no ERASING!!
(YOU MUST START OVER ON A NEW PIECE OF PAPER)
You will be timed.
The first person to complete this challenge the fastest (quick, perfect, legible) is the winner.