1. Risk- The potential to lose or gain something of value
Potential losses may be:
Physical- broken bones
Mental- Fear
Social- embarrassment
Financial- Lost equipment

2. Risk Management- Collective procedures utilised to keep risks and losses within an acceptable range.
Includes staff recruitment, gear maintenance & activity safety.

3. Reasons for risk management
Moral responsibility- all outdoor leaders have a moral responsibility to ensure outdoor activities are both safe & enjoyable
Legal responsibility- all outdoor leaders have legal responsibilities, whether they are volunteer or commercial outdoor leaders or teachers

4. Precautions to prevent an incident
Duty of care owed- outdoor leaders and controlling authorities owe a duty of care to outdoor activity participants to safeguard them from harm in situations where there could be a likelihood of harm arising
Standard of care owed- controlling authorities (school board of trustees, adventure tourism directors, boards of outdoor organisations) are required to meet particular standards in order to fulfill their legal obligations. For example Health & Safety in Employment Act requires employers & employees to take all practical steps (develop emergency procedures)
Precautions to prevent an incident
Precautions to deal with an incident

5. Code of practice- organisations must show that their practices, not their paperwork, meets standards of safety. For example rafting code of practice. If practices are sound but paperwork is poor they will probably have fewer incidents.
What are legislations? Legal requirements to ensure the safety of all participants

6. Why manage risk in Outdoor activities?
Outdoor educational programmes offering risk are a medium for
Personal growth
Personal development
Team building
Risks to be aware of are:
Psychological
Gender
Emotional
Spiritual
Physical
Cultural
Social

7. Outdoor activities can be a gamble
There is a sense of uncertainty about the outcome when participating in outdoor activities. Every time you take a group into the outdoors you are putting a coin into the slot and pulling the handle down.
What is a lemon?
A risk overlooked or ignored
Example: Cave Creek disaster

8. What does the tip of the ice berg refer to?
Incidents have the similar but the seriousness of the incident is purely a matters of
Causes
Chance

9. Causes of accidents
Accidents & incidents are the result of a combination of any of the following:
An unobserved or underestimated unsafe condition
An unsafe act, on the part of the student or
An error of judgment on the part of the instructor

10. Accident prevention
When planning to reduce accidents, it is helpful to consider 4 major factors in the total picture.
Equipment
Activity
People
Environment
By looking closely at these areas, risks can be identified & a safety or risk management plan put into place

11. Definition of terms: Give examples
Adventure
Peak experience
Challenge
Competence
Danger
Accident
Incident
Standards

12. Why risk in the first place?
“ If risk is the potential to lose something of value then the motivation for risking must be to gain something of value”
Outdoor/ adventure experiences offer gained values such as:
increased self esteem
increased self confidence
the exhilaration of overcoming or facing challenges
a sense of achievement & wellbeing
Risk is an effective tool in achieving these

13. Risk Identification
The risks associated with any activity must first be before they can be dealt with.
The next step is to identify the likely
factors (dangers) which would result in those risks being realised
identified
casual

14. Students climbing on engine Child injured - Broken wrist
Engine on call
Child falls off engine
Child psychologically damaged- scared of fire engines
Teacher distracted by talking to firefighter
Process of learning impaired
Fire alarm goes off
Hazards
Peril
Risks
Dangers
Accident

15. Types of risk Explain the following Absolute risk- Real risk-
Perceived risk-
The uppermost limit of risk inherent in a situation (no safety controls present)
The amount of risk which actually exists at a given moment in time (absolute risk adjusted by safety controls)
Any individuals subjective assessment of the real risk present at any time

18. Assessment of Risk
What 3 factors need to be assessed to determine the amount of risk involved with any particular activity?
People
Equipment
Environment

19. v Yes No Yes v No Decide on programme and objectives
Decide on activity to meet objectives
Identify risks associated with activity
Assess risks involved
Evaluate
Yes v
Can I reduce or modify risks?
Are risks acceptable No
Yes
Avoid by terminating activity No
High quality experience

20. Risks Accidents, injury other forms loss Minor injury Major injury
Equipment damage
Environmental damage
Casual Factors
Hazards, perils, dangers
People
Equipment
Environment
Poor progression of activity
Poor group management
Medical problems not disclosed
Poor briefing
Gear breakage
Incorrect gear use
Unsuitable clothing
Poor site selection
Extreme weather conditions
Environmental impact
Risk Management Strategies
Normal operation
Instructor use progression
Instructor follows session plan
Medical problems disclosed
Instructor sets boundaries
Swimming ability disclosed
gear checked prior to use
Gear selected by instructor
Clothing specified and check
Check site prior to activity
Check weather forecast
Care taken to select best launch and landing site
Emergency
MOBILE PHONE & FIRST AID KIT CARRIED
KNOW LOCATION OF LAND LINE
LOCAL EMERGENCY FACILITIES FOR THE AREA ARE KNOWN
INSTRUCTOR HOLDS CURRENT FIRST AID CERTIFICATE
DIAL 111

21. Adventure activity:
Location of activity:
Time Frame:
Trust fall
Wahurau Lodge
16th -20th Feb
What could go wrong?
List of likely accidents, injuries, damage or undesirable events that could happen during this activity. Consider both physical & emotional factors
(give at least 3 valid answers)
Faller could be dropped & land hard on ground injuring themselves
Faller could hit someone in the head as they fall
Catchers could dislocate an arm or injure wrist trying to stop faller

22. Why can these things/ events happen. What are the causes?
List these under the heading
People
Equipment
Environment
(give at least a block of ten factors in this section)
Faller does not communicate with the catchers and falls before they are ready
there are not enough catchers to catch the faller
faller does not know the correct falling technique & hits the catchers on the way down
Catchers do not know the correct catching technique and injure themselves from linking arms
the platform the faller falls from is unstable, causing them to fall too soon
equipment platform is too high creating a creating force on the catchers catching
catchers standing on uneven ground making it hard to use the correct catching technique
too much noise creating confusion between faller and catchers

23. If these things can happen, how will you stop them from happening
If these things can happen, how will you stop them from happening? How will you manage the risks?
List these under the headings
People
Equipment
Environment
Clear instructions about how to communicate between the catchers and fallers
Everyone is instructed about the proper catching & falling technique & instructor sets everyone up before the fall
use appropriate equipment that is stable and not too high
choose and appropriate setting to run the activity where catchers have a steady footing
ensure the noise level is controlled if possible, otherwise change to a quieter setting

24. Emergency
If an emergency occurs what extra things will you need to consider.
Comment on:
action
equipment
(give at least 3 valid examples in this section)
Action:
need to have easy access to a phone to call for help
be trained in first aid
manage the group around the injured person
Equipment:
have a first aid kit near by
have a phone near by
equipment to make a neck brace with and keep the person warm to prevent shock
Skills
List the skills needed by people to lead this activity
Consider::
Personal skills
Social skills
Activity skills
Knowledge
Experience
Clear, simple communication
management skills to keep group working together
able to challenge the students but making it their choice in the end
knowing the activity well enough to manage the risk involved
medical skills to keep the person safe if injured