1. Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2014
AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2. Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior

3. Unit 12 - Overview Introduction to Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Other Disorders
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

6. Introduction How should we define psychological disorders?
How should we understand disorders?
How should we classify psychological disorders?

7. Defining Psychological Disorders

8. Defining Psychological Disorders
Disturbed behavior
Dysfunctional behavior
Maladaptive behavior
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

9. Understanding Psychological Disorders

10. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model
Philippe Pinel
Medical model
Mental illness (psychopathology)

11. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach
Interaction of nature and nurture
Influence of culture on disorders

12. Classifying Psychological Disorders

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
DSM-5
Diagnostic labels
Criticisms of the DSM

14. Labeling Psychological Disorders

15. Labeling Psychological Disorders
Rosenhan’s study
Power of labels
Preconception can stigmatize
Stereotypes of the mentally ill
Insanity

16. Rates of Psychological Disorders

17. Rates of Psychological Disorders

19. Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

21. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorders
Phobias

22. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

23. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2/3 women
Continual worry, jittery, agitated and sleep deprived
Free floating anxiety

24. Panic Disorder

25. Panic Disorder
Panic disorder
Panic attacks

26. Phobias

27. Specific Phobia Phobias Specific phobia Social anxiety disorder
Agoraphobia

28. Specific Phobia

29. Phobias

30. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

31. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An obsession versus a compulsion
Checkers
Hand washers

32. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

33. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

34. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

35. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

36. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

37. Trauma Stressor and Related Disorders

38. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
“shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
Not just due to a war situation
Post-traumatic growth

39. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD

40. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Learning Perspective
Classical and operant conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Reinforcement
Observational learning
Cognition

41. Natural selection Genes The Brain Anxiety gene Glutamate
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Biological Perspective
Natural selection
Genes
Anxiety gene
Glutamate
The Brain
Anterior cingulate cortex

42. Module 67: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

44. Depressive Disorders

45. Major Depressive Disorder
Problems regulating appetite
Problems regulating sleep
Low energy
Low self-esteem
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
Persistent depressive disorder

56. Bipolar and Related Disorders

57. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Mania (manic)
Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Bipolar disorder and creativity

58. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

59. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
Depression is widespread
Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s
Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often proceed depression
With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

60. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

61. Biochemical influences
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences
Mood disorders run in families
Heritability
Linkage analysis
The depressed brain
Biochemical influences
Norepinephrine and serotonin

62. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

63. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

64. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

65. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

66. Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
Self-defeating beliefs
Learned helplessness
Rumination
Explanatory style
Stable, global, internal explanations
Cause versus indictor of depression?

77. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

78. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

79. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

80. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

81. Module 68: Schizophrenia Spectrum

83. Symptoms of Schizophrenia

84. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (split mind)
Not multiple personalities
Psychosis (psychotic disorder)

85. Disorganized thinking
Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking and Disturbed Perceptions
Disorganized thinking
Delusions
Delusions of persecution (paranoid)
Word Salad
Hallucinations
Breakdown in selective attention

86. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
Flat affect
Inappropriate Actions
Catatonia
Disruptive social behavior

87. Onset and Development of Schizophrenia

88. Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Statistics on schizophrenia
Onset of the disease
Positive versus negative symptoms
Chronic (process) schizophrenia
Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

89. Understanding Schizophrenia

90. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Dopamine Overactivity
Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
Dopamine blocking drugs
Glutamate

91. Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
Frontal lobe and core brain activity
Fluid filled areas of the brain

92. Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy
Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia
Influence of the flu during pregnancy

93. Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors
Genetic predisposition
Twin studies

94. Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors
Possible warning signs
Mother severely schizophrenic
Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation)
Separation from parents
Short attention span
Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
Emotional unpredictability
Poor peer relations and solo play

95. Module 69: Other Disorders

97. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

98. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Somatic (body)
Conversion disorder
Functional neurological symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
Hypochondriasis

99. Dissociative Disorders

100. Dissociative Disorders
Fugue state
Dissociate (become separated)

101. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Multiple personality disorder

102. Dissociative Disorders Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
Genuine disorder or not?
DID rates
Therapist’s creation
Differences are too great
DID and other disorders

103. Feeding and Eating Disorders

104. Feeding and Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder

105. Personality Disorders

106. Personality Disorders
Cluster A
Schizoid personality disorder
Cluster B
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Cluster C
Avoidant personality disorder

107. Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder
Sociopath or psychopath
Understanding antisocial personality disorder

108. The End

109. Definition Slides

110. Psychological Disorder
= a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

111. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

112. Medical Model
= the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

113. DSM-5
= the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

114. Anxiety Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

115. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
= an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

116. Panic Disorder
= an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

117. Phobia
= an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

118. Social Anxiety Disorder
= intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia)

119. Agoraphobia
= fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

120. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
= a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

121. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
= a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

122. Post-Traumatic Growth
= positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

123. Mood Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

124. Major Depressive Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or pleasure.

125. Mania
= a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

126. Bipolar Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

127. Rumination
= compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

128. Schizophrenia
= a group of severe disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

129. Psychosis
= a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

130. Delusions
= false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

131. Hallucinations
= false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

132. Somatic Symptom Disorder
= psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

133. Conversion Disorder
= a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder)

134. Illness Anxiety Disorder
= a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis)

135. Dissociative Disorders
= disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

136. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
= a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

137. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

138. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting.

139. Binge-Eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

140. Personality Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

141. Antisocial Personality Disorder
= a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.