1. The Nile
Mohamed Asheesh
OAMK
2015

2. Search of the source of the Nile The river today Hydrology
Contents:
Introduction
Tributaries
History
Search of the source of the Nile
The river today
Hydrology
Distributaries or branches
Flooding of the Nile
The Econile
Issues around the Nile
Approach of the problem
The Nile; Water environmental management

3. 1. Introduction The word "Nile" comes from the Greek word Neilos.
Origin
Africa
Mouth
Mediterranean Sea
Basin countries
Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, DR Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Egypt
Length
6,695 km
Source elevation
1,134 m
Avg. discharge
2,830 m³/s
Basin area
3,254,555 km²
The word "Nile" comes from the Greek word Neilos.
ancient Egyptians called the Nile iteru, meaning "big river",
represented by the hieroglyphs shown below
The Nile; Water environmental management

5. 1. Introduction Impression of the Nile
The Nile; Water environmental management

6. 2. Tributaries The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 km²
White Nile
Blue Nile
Atbara river
The Nile; Water environmental management

7. 3. History Lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization
Since the Stone Age
Climate change, or perhaps overgrazing form the Sahara desert
Possibly as long ago as 8000 BC
Inhabitants then presumably migrated to the river
The Nile; Water environmental management

8. 4. Search of the source of the Nile
Despite the attempts of the Greeks and Romans
The Nile remained largely unknown
Hellenistic and Roman representations of the river as a male god
Different Expeditions have taken place
The Nile; Water environmental management

9. 5. The river today
The Nile still supports much of the population living along its banks
The river flooded every summer
The flow of the river is disturbed at several points by cataracts
The sudd in the Sudan also forms a formidable obstacle for navigation and flow of water
The Nile; Water environmental management

10. 6. Hydrology
The flow rate of the Albert Nile at Mongalla is almost constant throughout the year
After Mongalla the Nile is known as the Bahr El Jebel which enters the enormous swamps of the Sud region of the Sudan
More than half of the Nile’s water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration
The Nile; Water environmental management

11. 7. Distributaries or branches
After the Blue and White Niles merge
Atbara River
the Nile diminishes because of evaporation
The Nile; Water environmental management

12. 8. Flooding of the Nile
Egypt’s stability was one of the best structured in history
This stability was an immediate result of the Nile’s fertility
the Nile provided the resources such as food or money
The Nile; Water environmental management

13. 9. The Eonile
The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands
Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile
The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean
Several gas fields have been discovered within these sediments.
The Nile; Water environmental management

14. 10. Issues around the Nile
Aswan is a city on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt.
The newer Aswan High Dam, and the older Aswan Dam
The initial design was soon found to be inadequate
Height of the dam was raised in two phases, 1907–1912 and 1929–1933.
When the dam almost overflowed in 1946 it was decided that rather than raise the dam a third time
The Nile; Water environmental management

15. 11. Approach of the problem
Upgrade the system of the ‘Nile basin Iniative’
The riparian countries have to share the Nile with all the riparian countries
Involving some independent persons
The Nile; Water environmental management

16. Questions?