1. Pollination

2. The process of transferring the pollen grains from the male part of the flower to the female part is known as pollination.
Pollination must occur before fertilisation can occur

3. Types of pollination Self pollination
Pollen grains falling on the stigma of the same flower or of a different flower but of the same plant

4. Adaptions to Self pollination
Homogamy : Maturation of androecium and Gynoecium at same time
Cliestogamy: Flowers never open before pollination

5. Cross pollination
Pollen from the anther of one plant is transferred to the the stigma of a different plant

6. Types of cross pollination
Hydrophily : pollination by water
anthers break off and float to surface releasing pollen that sinks to the female flowers that grow under the water

7. Vallisnera Egeria densa
Female flowers float on surface and male flowers break off at
surface (great fish food) and float to female. Once pollinated
long peduncles recoil pulling flowers underwater to form fruits

8. Anemophily
Pollination by wind

10. Maize

11. Wind Pollinated Flowers
Feature
Reason
small petals, often brown or dull green
no need to attract insects
no scent
no nectar
pollen produced in great quantities
because most does not reach another flower
pollen very light and smooth
so it can be blown in the wind
anthers loosely attached and dangle out
to release pollen into the
wind
stigma hangs outside the flower
to catch the drifting pollen
stigma feathery or net like

12. Entemophily
Pollination by insects

13. May have nectar guides: patterns of lines or dots that can guide bee to reward

14. Insect Pollinated Flowers
Feature
Reason
large, brightly coloured petals
to attract insects
often sweetly scented
usually contain nectar
moderate quantity of pollen
less wastage than with wind pollination
pollen often sticky or spiky
to stick to insects
anthers firm and inside flower
to brush against insects
stigma inside the flower
so that the insect brushes against it
stigma has sticky coating
pollen sticks to it

16. Euphorbia pulcherrima
 Bracts are the flower petals of the plant. In fact, the flowers are grouped within the small yellow structures found in the center of each leaf bunch, and they are called cyathia.

17. Calotropis procera
It shows translator or clip mechanism. Pollen grains are present in pollinia. The pollinia are attached to a rough and sticky disc called corpusculum. When the insect visits the flower, pollinia get entangled in the legs of the insect. When this insect visits other flower, pollinia are transferred.

18. Salvia or Sage plant : It shows lever mechanism or turn pipe mechanism
 Salvia or Sage plant : It shows lever mechanism or turn pipe mechanism. Anthers are distractile ; lower lobe is sterile and upper lobe is fertile. The flower is bilabiate and protandrous. The insect sits on the lower lobe of the corolla; the upper fertile lobe of anther touches the body of insect

19. It ruptures and pollen grains are shed on the back of the insect
It ruptures and pollen grains are shed on the back of the insect. When this insect enters the other flower, pollination is affected.

20. Ficus sp : Trap Door mechanism in Ficus carica
Ficus sp : Trap Door mechanism in Ficus carica. The receptacle forms a cup having a cavity. The cavity has a pore called ostiole near which male flowers are present. Female flowers are present at the bottom and gall (sterile) flowers are present between these types. The pollinating insect is Blastophaga or gall insect. The insect lays eggs in the bottom, the larvae feed on the ovules of gall flowers. When the young insects crawl out of the inflorescence, their bodies are laden with pollen grains. They enter new hypanthodium and affects the pollination.

21. Ornithophily Birds are: agile long-beaked visual: see red and yellow
colors well
poor “smellers”

22. have nectar hidden by long floral tube little or no fragrance
no landing platform
Flowers are brightly coloured but odourless and produce plenty of nectar and large quantity of pollens e.g., Bombax (red silk cotton), Callistemon (bottle brush), Sterlitzia, Erythrina (coral tree) etc. Honey bird, humming bird and sun bird are common pollinators.

24. Chiropterophily Bats pollinate the flowers of tropical regions. e. g
Chiropterophily Bats pollinate the flowers of tropical regions. e.g., Anthocephallus (Kadamb), Kigelia (Sausage tree), Adansonia (Baobab Tree).

25. Bat-pollinated flowers
Open at night
Produce lots of pollen and nectar as rewards
White or light-colored
Fragrant (sweet odor)
May be pendant (hang down from branches).

26. Time for Questions