1. MODULE 20 (56) Savings, Investment Spending, and the Financial System

2. What You Will Learn
Why the savings-investment spending identity is true The relationship between savings and investment spending 1 2

3. Matching Up Savings and Investment Spending
In a simplified economy:
(1) Total Income = Total Spending
(2) Total income = Consumption spending + Savings
Meanwhile, spending consists of either consumption spending or investment spending:
(3) Total spending = Consumption spending + Investment spending
Putting these together, we get:
(4) Consumption spending + Savings = Consumption spending + Investment spending
Subtract consumption spending from both sides, and we get:
(5) Savings = Investment spending

4. Matching Up Savings and Investment Spending
Adding government and economic interaction with the rest of the world to this simplified economy results in two changes:
First, governments can save, too.
Second, savings need not be spent on physical capital located in the same country.

5. Matching Up Savings and Investment Spending
The budget surplus is the difference between tax revenue and government spending when tax revenue exceeds government spending.
The budget deficit is the difference between tax revenue and government spending when government spending exceeds tax revenue.
The budget balance is the difference between tax revenue and government spending.
National savings, the sum of private savings plus the budget balance, is the total amount of savings generated within the economy.
Capital inflow is the net inflow of funds into a country.

6. Matching Up Savings and Investment Spending
An open economy is an economy in which goods are money can flow into and out of the country
Net capital inflow is equal to the total inflow of foreign funds minus the total outflow of domestic funds to other countries
Investment spending = National savings + Net capital inflow

7. Matching Up Savings and Investment Spending
The Savings-Investment Spending Identity in Open Economies: The United States and Japan, 2007
Figure Caption: Figure 20-1 (56-1): The Savings-Investment Spending Identity in Open Economies: The United States and Japan, 2007
U.S. investment spending in 2007 (equal to 18.8% of GDP) was financed by a combination of private savings (15.7% of GDP) and a capital inflow (5.2% of GDP), which was partially offset by a government budget deficit (-1.6% of GDP). Japanese investment spending in 2007 was higher as a percentage of GDP (23.8%). It was financed by a higher level of private savings as a percentage of GDP (32.1%), which was offset by both a capital outflow (-4.9% of GDP) and a relatively high government budget deficit (-3.4% of GDP).
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis; OECD.

8. Summary
Investment in physical capital is necessary for long-run economic growth.
According to the savings–investment spending identity, savings and investment spending are always equal for the economy as a whole.
The government is a source of savings when it runs a positive budget balance or budget surplus; it is a source of dissavings when it runs a negative budget balance or budget deficit.
In a closed economy, savings is equal to national savings, the sum of private savings plus the budget balance.

9. Summary
In an open economy, savings is equal to national savings plus capital inflow of foreign savings.
In an open economy, investment spending is equal to national savings and net capital inflow.