1. British Literature Monday April 9, 2017 Day 55
ACTIVATOR:
NONE – go to computer lab, baby!
ACTIVITIES:
Macbeth Essays – due Wednesday in class
Silent Reading, Baby!
(Silas Marner due on April 21 – Friday)
SUMMARIZER:
- how do you incorporate quotes into an essay?

2. British Literature Tuesday April 10, 2017 Day 56
ACTIVATOR:
Grab copy of the article from front table and complete a One-Pager…
ACTIVITIES:
Discuss Journal / collect one-pagers
Restoration Intro Notes!
Macbeth Essays due Wednesday in class
Silent Reading, Baby!
(Silas Marner due on April 21 – Friday)
SUMMARIZER:
- What was restored in 1660?

3. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century: 1660-1800

4. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
: The Restoration
: The Age of Satire
(or Age of Pope / Swift)
: The Age of Sensibility
(or Age of Johnson)

5. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
The Restoration of Monarchy in 1660 ended eleven years (1649 – 1660) when England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland had no monarch and was to all intents a republic.

6. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
By 1646, England was ruled solely by Parliament, although the king was not executed until English society splintered into many factions: Levellers (intent on eradicating economic castes), Puritans, Episcopalians, remnants of the Cavaliers and other religious and political radicals argued over the fate of the realm. 

7. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
The next eleven years saw the rule of the Commonwealth ( ). Parliament was in control, but the real power lay with Oliver Cromwell and the army.
Charles' son landed in Scotland, had himself declared Charles II, and invaded England. He was defeated by Cromwell at Worcester (1650) and forced to hide in a tree to avoid capture, before successfully fleeing to France

8. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the title Lord Protector, but internal divisions among the republican party led to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament 

9. 1660-1785: Restoration / 18th Century
In 1660 Parliament offered to restore the monarchy if Charles would agree to concessions for religious toleration and a general amnesty. Charles was not as hard-headed as his father, and he agreed to the proposals. He returned to London on a wave of popular support to be crowned Charles II ( )

10. Metaphysical, Cavalier, and Puritan Poetry

11. Metaphysical Poetry
Metaphysical = after or following the physical; a branch of philosophy that seeks to know what is truly “real.”
Characteristics:
Use of argument: appeals to intellect and emotions
Use of comparison: metaphysical conceit (extended metaphor comparing 2 unlike things)
Use of language: plain style

12. John Donne
B. 1572; Roman Catholic at a time when England was anti-Catholic
“Conceited verses” written in younger years (“The Flea”)
Poor (lost his government position due to scandal); became very depressed

13. John Donne
Friends urged him to enter the ministry because of the power of his religious poems
Became a minister at 43; soon became chaplain to King James I
By the time he died (1631), was considered the greatest preacher in England

14. “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”
Valediction = farewell statement
Written for his wife just before he left for France; purpose was to ease his wife’s fears of a premonition she had about his trip
Metaphysical conceit = lovers to the feet of a compass

15. “Death Be Not Proud” Written soon after his wife’s death
Donne’s thoughts on immortality and religious faith
Personification

16. “Meditation 17” At age 51, Donne became seriously ill
Wrote “Meditation 17” as he was recovering
Meditation = short sermon; expresses his thoughts on his illness and experience
Bells = signal death; villagers knew to pray for the soul of the dead/dying
Extended metaphysical conceit

17. Ben Jonson Large man; fiery temper
Self-taught (no money for formal education); apprenticed with a bricklayer, entered army
Began acting/writing in early 20s
First big success at age 26 (play that featured Shakespeare in a leading role)

18. Ben Jonson Killed a fellow actor in a duel and was sentenced to death
Because he could read Latin, was allowed to be tried in church court
Church court overturned death sentence; branded on the thumb as a convicted felon
Resented comparisons to Shakespeare (Jonson was more respected at the time)
Age 49—King James I gave him a lifetime pension (he’d always be able to write)
Took a year off, but when he returned, his writing had gone out of style; spent the last 20 years of his life trying to regain his former status

19. “On My First Son” / “Song: To Celia”
Elegy = poem expressing mourning
Son, Benjamin, died of the plague in 1603, on his 7th birthday
Unrequited love
Ambrosia = drink of the gods (immortality)

20. Cavalier Poetry Writers affiliated with King Charles I’s court
Characteristics:
Carpe diem = “seize the day”
Intended to entertain audience rather than instruct it
Conversational style
Popular themes were love and loyalty
Could be serious or sarcastic

21. Robert Herrick Anglican priest
Needed money; took a ministerial job in a
quiet country parish far from London
Was miserable and lonely, so he turned to poetry
Wrote poems to his pet pig, cat, dog, maid, neighbors, and imaginary girlfriends
After many years and 1200 poems, returned to London; wasn’t able to publish his poetry
London had changed; took his old parish job back 10 years later
“To the Virgins, Make Much of Time”

22. Andrew Marvell Brilliant writer of lyric poetry and prose
Always managed to land on his feet, no matter what political upheavals took place (good connections)

23. “To His Coy Mistress” “Coy” = flirty but shy
“Mistress” = ma’am, miss; sometimes sweetheart
Published after his death (MAID!) and in the introduction she described him as her husband (secret marriage)
Few believed this, never proven

24. The Puritans
Wanted to “purify” the Church of England by eliminating Roman Catholic traditions
Puritans = Protestants
Protestants rejected belief in the Pope
Didn’t like the “top-to-bottom” hierarchy of the RC church; wanted “bottom-to-top”
Elizabeth I, James I tolerated Puritans; Charles I wanted to bring back RC traditions, so some Puritans left for America

25. The Puritans
Puritans who stayed in England gained political power (1649—King Charles I found guilty of treason; beheaded)
Commonwealth headed by Oliver Cromwell
Tried to make English society conform to their strict Puritan beliefs (no holiday celebrations, no dancing, no playing chess, no public theaters)
Commonwealth was unpopular; in 1660, monarchy was restored (Charles II)

26. John Milton Declared at age 21 he’d be a “great poet”
At 30 he traveled to Europe to study; religious/political upheavals called him home
Gave up all other writing to create pamphlets in defense of religious and civil freedoms
Neglected poetry for 20 years (held govt positions)
Went blind at age 44

27. John Milton
In 1660 (end of Commonwealth), had time to devote to writing (was 52)
Charles II had him arrested as a traitor; friends in high places saved him from hanging, but he had to pay heavy fines that left him broke
Dictated Paradise Lost to his daughters

28. Paradise Lost
Epic poem = long narrative poem that tells, in a serious tone and stately language, heroic exploits and dramatic events
Begins with an invocation of the Muse and a statement of purpose
10,565 lines long
Blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter)

29. Paradise Lost Depicts the fall of Adam and Eve
Satan (as a snake) tempts Adam and Eve to commit original sin (eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge)
Also gives background: a description of Hell at the time Satan and other rebellious angels were first driven from Heaven
Paradise Regained, his next epic poem, depicts Christ’s temptation

30. British Literature Wednesday April 11, 2017 Day 57
ACTIVATOR:
Grab a copy of the vocabulary unit 6 words from front table…
ACTIVITIES:
Introduce unit 6 words (story due Friday!)
- 12 words + appositive + gerund + dolphin
Donne and Johnson Poems
Silent Reading, Baby!
(Silas Marner due on April 21 – Friday) n
SUMMARIZER:
- What was restored in 1660?

31. British Literature Thursday April 12, 2017 Day 58
ACTIVATOR:
identify TWO sets of at least 3 words that have something in common from unit 5 vocabulary list (what is the category?)
ACTIVITIES:
Discuss voc. categories (story due tomorrow)
- 12 words + appositive + gerund + dolphin
Herrick and Marvell Poems
Silent Reading, Baby!
(Silas Marner due on April 21 – Friday)
SUMMARIZER:
- what is carpe diem poetry?

32. British Literature Friday April 14, 2017 Day 59
ACTIVATOR:
complete the grammar handout on front table…
ACTIVITIES:
Discuss Grammar stuff
Share and turn in vocabulary stories
Age of Satire Notes…
Silent Reading, Baby!
(Silas Marner due on April 21 – Friday)
SUMMARIZER:
- What is satire?

33. THE AGE OF SATIRE
17TH AND 18TH CENTURY

34. Satire
Jonathan Swift once said, “Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own.”
It ridicules people, events, and known literary and popular works.
The aim of satire is to improve society by showing its weaknesses.

35. Satire Works of satire usually have a specific target.
They are usually seen an humorous, although not always by the people at whom they are directed (Scrubs, Teachers).
Like much humor, satire tends to lose its relevance over the course of time.

36. Satire
Thus, cartoons that were vastly amusing during the 1900’s may barely elicit a smile from young people today.
Political cartoons of the Regan era will be largely unintelligible to students of the twenty-first century.

37. Jonathan Swift: 1667-1745 Born in Dublin, Ireland.
At 19, he is employed by Sir William Temple a powerful English statesman.
Tutors 8 year old Esther “Stella” Johnson.
Develops Ménière’s Syndrome, a disturbance of the inner ear.
1694: Deacon and later Priest in Dublin

38. Jonathan Swift Falls in love with Jane “Varina” Waring.
1704: Tale of the Tub: satire on corruptions in religion and learning. Also Battle of the Books, a mock-epic on the debate between Ancients and Moderns.

39. Jonathan Swift
1707: Involved with The Tatler. Adopts pseudonym Issac Bickerstaff.
1720: Involved with Irish causes.
1729: “A Modest Proposal”
1726: Gulliver’s Travels
1742: establishes site for insane asylum (St. Patrick’s Hospital)

41. Gulliver’s Travels, A VOYAGE TO BROBDINGNAG Part II, Chapter V
The Maids of Honour often invited Glumdalclitch to their Apartments, and desired she would bring me along with her, on Purpose to have the Pleasure of seeing and touching me. They would often strip me naked from Top to Toe, and lay me at full Length in their Bosoms; wherewith I was much disgusted; because, to say the Truth, a very offensive Smell came from their Skins; which I do not mention or intend to the Disadvantage of those excellent Ladies, for whom I have all Manner of Respect; but, I conceive that my Sense was more acute in Proportion to my Littleness, and that those illustrious Persons were no more disagreeable to their Lovers, or to each other, than People of the same Quality are with us in England. And, after all, I found their natural Smell was much more supportable than when they used Perfumes, under which I immediately swooned away. I cannot forget that an intimate Friend of mine in Lilliput took the Freedom in a warm Day, when I had used a good deal of Exercise, to complain of a strong Smell about me, although I am as little faulty that way as most of my Sex: But I suppose his Faculty of Smelling was as nice with regard to me, as mine was to that of this People. Upon this point, I cannot forbear doing Justice to the Queen my Mistress, and Glumdalclitch my Nurse, whose Persons were as sweet as those of any Lady in England.

42. Chapter V contd.
That which gave me most Uneasiness among these Maids of Honour, when my Nurse carried me to visit them, was to see them use me without any manner of Ceremony, like a Creature who had no sort of Consequence. For, they would strip themselves to the Skin, and put on their Smocks in my Presence, while I was placed on their Toylet directly before their naked Bodies, which, I am sure, to me was very far from being a tempting Sight, or from giving me any other emotions than those of Horror and Disgust. Their Skins appeared so coarse and uneven, so variously coloured, when I saw them near, with a Mole here and there as broad as a Trencher, and Hairs hanging from it thicker than Pack-threads, to say nothing further concerning the rest of their Persons. Neither did they at all scruple, while I was by to discharge what they had drunk, to the Quantity of at least two Hogsheads, in a Vessel that held above three Tuns. The handsomest among these Maids of Honour, a pleasant frolicksome Girl of Sixteen, would sometimes set me astride upon one of her Nipples, with many other Tricks, wherein the Reader will excuse me for not being over particular. But I was so much displeased, that I entreated Glumdalclitch to contrive some Excuse for not seeing that young Lady any more.

43. Alexander Pope (1688 – 1744)
Sickly, disease ridden child – deformed by tuberculosis of the bone
Raised in a Roman Catholic family, persecuted in the late 17th century in England
Catholics not allowed to vote, hold office, attend university, or live within 10 miles of London
Because he couldn’t do much, he wrote poetry, studied the classics, and educated himself

44. Pope (Cont’d) Called his life “This long disease”
Even as an adult – only 4 ½ feet tall
Most of his early writing was satirical – meant to bring about change (Rape of the Lock)
Eventually work became more philosophical (Essay on Man)

45. Pope (Cont’d)
The era that Pope wrote in is many times now referred to as the “Age of Pope and Swift”
Critics have said he was “perhaps the most flawless artist our race has yet produced.”

46. Alexander Pope
In 1711, Pope was asked by a friend to write a poem to bring two estranged families together.
The circumstances of the argument developed when Robert Lord Petre cut off a lock of hair from the head of Arabella Fermor.

47. Alexander Pope Pope saw an opportunity for more than a mere story.
The poem The Rape of the Lock did not turn out the way that anyone intended.
The result was a masterpiece in satire, a mock-epic targeting human nature and society.

48. Mock-Epic
A long, humorous, narrative poem that treats a trivial subject in the grand style of a true epic.
Boasting speeches of heroes and heroines.
Elaborate descriptions of warriors and their weapons
Involvement of gods and goddesses in the action
Epic similies, elaborate comparisons in the style of Homer

49. Rape of the Lock Story is based on a true incident b/w two families
Lock – a ringlet of hair
Rape – to steal
So literally – title means “stealing of the hair”
Satire – A work written to “poke fun” at a topic that is really meant to bring about change
Known as a “mock epic”
A long, humorous narrative poem that treats a trivial subject in the grand style of a true epic

50. Samuel Peyps - The Diary
What was the purpose of the diary? Why do we read it now?
Know the general gist of what he was saying.
What is the biggest event in London that he talks about??
Review your worksheet with questions about the story.

51. Joseph Addison Addison developed the periodical essay.
Unlike Swift and Pope, he does not direct his satirical comments at particular individuals.
He takes aim at a society that took itself too seriously.
His humor was a gentle criticism of morals and manners in an era that overemphasized rationality.

52. Joseph Addison
Addison said the purpose of his essays was “to enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality, and to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea tables and in coffee houses.