1. Chapter 4
Socialization

2. Chapter Outline The Socialization Process Theories of Socialization
Agents of Socialization
Growing up in a Diverse Society
Socialization Across the Life Course
Resocialization

3. The Socialization Process
Humans learn the expectations of society through the process of socialization.
Socialization is different based on race, gender and class.
Examining the socialization process helps us see how our lives are socially constructed.

4. Consequences of Socialization
Establishes self-concepts.
Creates the capacity for role taking.
Creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways.
Makes people bearers of culture.

5. Psychoanalytic Theory of Socialization
The unconscious mind shapes human behavior.
Depicts the human psyche in three parts:
Id - deep drives and impulses
Ego - reason and common sense
Superego - represents the standards of society

6. Object Relations Theory of Socialization
Infants identify with they same sex parent.
The self emerges from separating oneself from the primary caretaker.
The division of labor in a family shapes the formation of identity.

7. Social Learning Theory of Socialization
People respond to social stimuli in their environment.
Identity is created through the interaction of mental and social worlds.
Children learn though taking the role of significant others.
Identity emerges as the creative self interacts with the social expectations of others.

8. Piaget: Social Learning Theory
Children go through stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational .

9. The Looking-glass Self
Self concept comes though reflection about relationships to others.
How we think we appear to others.
How we think others judge us.
How these make us feel - proud, embarrassed or something else.

10. Mead: Taking the Role of the Other
Imitation stage - children imitate the behavior of those around them.
Play stage - children take on the role of significant others.
Game stage - children internalize an abstract understanding of how society sees them.

11. Socialization Across the Life Cycle
Childhood - establish one’s initial identity and values.
Adolescence - form a consistent identity.
Adulthood and Old Age - learn new roles and expectations in adult life.

12. Resocialization
Occurs when people enter hierarchical organizations that require them to respond to authority on principal, rather than loyalty.
Examples: military, prison, monastic orders, cults, fraternities and sororities