1. Ch. 25 – 2 notes

2. “native” Americans and labor unions feared immigrants’ high birthrate, acceptance of starvation wages and potential ‘mixed’ births
American Protection Agency (1887) formed to stamp out Catholic public officials; 1M members
Congress responded in 1882 by turning away criminals, foreign workers under contract, and other ‘undesirables’ from entering the US (not to mention all Chinese until 1943)

3. Churches underwent significant changes moving to the cities after the Civil War
Roman Catholics became largest denomination by 1900
YMCA’s and the Salvation Army in every American city by 1900
Religion feared Charles Darwin idea of natural selection – nature chooses organisms for life based on their inherited traits and their ability to pass them on
After C.W., most Americans believed the notion that an educated nation was needed for a free government to exist
Along with grade schools previously, high schools increased dropping illiteracy rates drastically by 1900
public schools (supported by the tax payers) continued springing up but the South lagged far behind in education

4. Wash. did not believe in social equality
Booker T. Washington -- Tuskegee Institute (1881) preached economic independence for African American men
Wash. did not believe in social equality
Most notable student of the T.I. was George Washington Carver
His counterpart on ‘equality’ was W.E.B. Du Bois – a Harvard Ph.D. who helped find the NAACP
Du Bois felt Af. Am. needed both social and economic equality;

5. Colleges sprung up in decades after Civil War (including Af. Am and esp. women)
Morrill Act of 1862 – fed. land grants to states for higher education (most state univ.)
Private philanthropy aided many univ.
Industrialization introduced more ‘practical’ courses and less ‘traditional’ ones
Medical schools improved public health and life expectancy
Carnegie contributed to thousands of public libraries
Am. writing turned to sensationalism and human interest as well as yellow journalism