1. Classification

2. O. Complete a dichotomous key.
Agenda:
Notes
Shark key
Due at end of hour – no exceptions

3. This week. Monday – Bacteria Flu Video
Tuesday – Classification/Chapter 17
Wednesday – Bacteria (microviewers)
Thursday – Bacteria and viruses
Friday – Test Chapters 17,23,24

4. Classification O. Understanding why scientists classify organisms.
How easily would you be able to find a pair of
dirty socks in this room?

5. While watching video try to define the following terms.
Binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
Taxa
Genus
Species

6. O. I will know how to properly name an organism
by the end of the hour.
No journal
Remind me to tell you about group grade…

7. Truman State library!

8. Classification
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner
Taxonomy is the discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

9. Development of a Classification System
Carolus Linnaeus- developed a two word naming system that is still in use today
In Binomial Nomenclature each species is always assigned a two-part scientific name

10. Now You Try Examples: drosophilia melongaster homo sapiens
canis familiaris

11. The first part of the scientific name is the genus
The first part of the scientific name is the genus. The first letter of this name is always capitalized--- Ursus
The second part of the scientific name is the species, which is never capitalized
---- maritimus
Both names should be in italics or underlined
Ursus maritimus

12. What’s in a Name
When written together, the scientific name includes both the species and genus name of the organism
This should be italicized when typed or underlined when written hand-written

13. Practicing the use of a dichotomous key.
J. Write down your name and address as though
you were addressing an envelope.
Sally Sloth
7001 S. Hwy 94
Beautiful St. Charles, MO
USA
Identify what would be analogous to the taxonomic
Categories kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species

14. Agenda
Practice making a dichotomous key Vocabulary Exercise – get pumped! Real Deal – make dichotomous key on live organisms Food Chain/Web

15. Taxonomic Categories
Linnaeus’s system of classification uses 7 taxonomic categories.
Genus is a group of different species that share common characteristics
We now have 8
categories
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

17. Taxonomic Characteristics
Families are composed of different groups of genera (genus) that share similar characteristics
Families are grouped into orders.
Orders are grouped into classes.
Classes are grouped into phyla (Phylum)
Phyla (phylum) are grouped into a large category called a kingdom

18. Classification Hierarchy of Organisms
Section 1 Biodiversity
Chapter 17
Classification Hierarchy of Organisms

19. Objectives
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Identify the kinds of evidence that modern biologists use in classifying organisms.
Explain what information a phylogenetic diagram displays.
State the criteria used in cladistic analysis.
Describe how a cladogram is made.
Discuss how proteins and chromosomes are used to classify organisms.

20. Modern Evolutionary Classification
Aristotle first grouped organisms into groups based on ground, air, water
Linnaeus compared structure and anatomy
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities
Derived Characteristics are those that “show up” in newer parts of a lineage but are not in its older members

21. Systematics – classification in terms of their natural relationships; it includes describing, naming, and classifying the organisms
Phylogenetics – analysis of evolutionary, or ancestral, relationships between taxa
Cladistics – a phylogenetic classification system that uses shared and derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa
Clade – a taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants

22. Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetics
A modern approach to taxonomy is systematics, which analyzes the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationships.
When classifying organisms, scientists consider fossils, homologous features, embryos, chromosomes, and the sequences of proteins and DNA.

23. Phylogenetics, continued
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetics, continued
A phylogenetic diagram displays how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be.

24. Phylogenetics, continued
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetics, continued
Evidence of Shared Ancestry
Homologous features as well as similarities in patterns of embryological development provide information about common ancestry.

25. Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals

26. Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Cladistics
Cladistics uses shared, derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa.

27. Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants

28. Modern Evolutionary Classification
Cladograms are diagrams that show evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms

29. Cladistics, continued Molecular Cladistics Chapter 17
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Cladistics, continued
Molecular Cladistics
Molecular similarities (such as similar amino acid or nucleotide sequences), as well as chromosome comparisons, can help determine common ancestry.

31. Cladistics, continued Chromosomes Chapter 17
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Cladistics, continued
Chromosomes
Analyzing karyotypes can provide more information on evolutionary relationships.

32. Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences
Section 2 Systematics
Chapter 17
Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences

33. The Tree of Life Revising the Tree Chapter 17
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
The Tree of Life
Revising the Tree
The phylogenetic analysis of rRNA nucleotide sequences by Carol Woese led to a new “tree of life” consisting of three domains aligned with six kingdoms.

34. Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Three Domains of Life
The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

35. Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms

36. Three Domains of Life, continued
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Three Domains of Life, continued
Domain Bacteria
Domain Bacteria aligns with Kingdom Eubacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that are true bacteria.

37. Three Domains of Life, continued
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Three Domains of Life, continued
Domain Archaea
Domain Archaea aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls.

38. Three Domains of Life, continued
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Three Domains of Life, continued
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
All members of this domain have eukaryotic cells.

39. Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Six Kingdoms

40. Kingdom and Domain Characteristics
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Kingdom and Domain Characteristics

41. Multiple Choice 1. Which information is given in a species name?
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which information is given in a species name?
A. genus and order
B. division and genus
C. genus and species identifier
D. species identifier and phylum

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong?
F. class
G. order
H. genus
J. kingdom

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom?
A. Fungi
B. Plantae
C. Protista
D. Animalia

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the cladogram to answer question 4. The cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships among four kinds of plants.

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. On the basis of this cladogram, which plants share the most recent common ancestor?
F. mosses and ferns
G. mosses and pine trees
H. ferns and flowering plants
J. pine trees and flowering plants

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
5. class : order :: kingdom :
A. genus
B. domain
C. species
D. phylum

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the diagram below to answer question 6. The diagram represents the eight levels of classification.

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 17
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which level of classification represents a species?
F. A
G. C
H. D
J. G

49. Data used by systematics
Morphology
fossil evidence
embryology
chromosomal similarities
biochemical evidence

50. Phylogenetic Diagram
A branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

51. Modern Evolutionary Classification
The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. These similarities can be used as criteria to help determine classification
All organisms use RNA and DNA to pass on information. All organisms use ATP as an energy-carrying molecule. Similarities in other important chemicals give us another way to compare them

52. Modern Evolutionary Classification
Molecular clocks use DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. This relies on the rate that neutral mutations accumulate in the DNA of different species

53. Kingdoms and Domains
Using new tools available today, scientists have expanded upon Linnaeus’s system of classification.
The 6 kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

55. Kingdoms and Domains
Today, most scientists are now recognizing molecular evidence that requires the addition of a category even larger than kingdom: the domain
Domains:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya