1. Protest and Stagnation:
Chapter 29
Protest and Stagnation:
The Western World, 1965–1985

2. A Culture of Protest A Revolt in Sexual Mores
Homosexuality (more open)
Free Love (multiple partners )
Pornography (literature & film)
Youth Protest and Student Revolt
Drug experimentation (Pot, LSD, etc.)
Antiwar Protests
Vietnam (burning draft cards, fleeing to Canada, etc.)

3. Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s.
p. 922

4. Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s.
p. 922

5. Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s.
p. 922

6. Stagnation in the Soviet Union
Leonid Brezhnev ( )
Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism threatened
Access to Western styles of dress, music, and art
Emphasis on heavy industry
Overall, industrial growth declined
Impact of central economic planning
Agricultural problems
Bad harvests in mid-1970s
Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracy
Serious internal problems

7. Chronology, p. 927

8. Conformity in Eastern Europe
Poland
Edward Gierek, 1971,
Economic problems
Solidarity
Lech Walesa (b. 1943)
Hungary
Jano Kadar in power for more than 30 years
Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises
Czechoslovakia
Communist government collapsed in 1989
Vaclav Havel was in control of the government
Alexander Dubcek
Gustav Husa´k
All changes were put down by the Soviet Union.

9. Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968.
The attempt of Alexander Dubček, the new first secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, to liberalize Communist rule in that country failed when Soviet troops invaded and crushed the reform movement. This photograph, taken on August 21, shows young Czechs standing on an overturned truck and bravely holding Czechoslovakian flags while other Prague residents surround a Soviet tank carrying wary Soviet troops.
p. 927

10. Repression in East Germany and Romania
Walter Ulbricht
Erich Honecker
Stasi (secret police)
Romania
Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena
Ruled Romania with an iron grip
Securitate (secret police)

11. Western Europe: The Winds of Change
Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early 1980’s
Increase in the price of oil
Integration of economies –European Economic Community
Treaty on European Union
European Community became the European Union, 1994
Euro, 2001

12. Chronology, p. 931

13. Germany Restored Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974
Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east”
Treaty with East Germany, 1972
Helmut Schmide (b. 1918)
Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions
Helmut Kohl (b. 1930)
Problems of union

14. Great Britain: Thatcher then Blair
Thatcherism
Problems of Northern Ireland
Direct rule from London, 1972
Conservatives gain political power, 1979
Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925)
Broke power of the labor unions
Limited welfare reforms
Education cut backs
Austerity to control inflation
Hard line toward communism
Rebuilds the military
Falkland Islands

15. Margaret Thatcher.
Great Britain’s first female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher was a strong leader who dominated British politics in the 1980s. Thatcher is shown here shaking hands with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1984.
p. 929

16. Uncertainties in France and Italy
François Mitterrand ( ) ,
Economic difficulties
Socialistic policies
Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
Confusion in Italy
Giulio Andreotti
Eurocommunism
1970s, Italy had severe economic recession
Aldo Moro
Red Brigade

17. Southeast Asia(Domino Theory) The Vietnam War

18. The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility
Richard Nixon ( ) elected in 1968
Ends Vietnam war, 1973
Watergate scandal
Resignation, August 9, 1974
Jimmy Carter (b. 1924),
Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment
Oil embargo, 1973
53 hostages held by Iran
Ronald Reagan (b. 1911),
Reverses the welfare state
Military buildup
Supply-side economics

19. General Turgidson (George C. Scott) with the president (Peter Sellers).

20. Dr. Strangelove (Peter Sellers).

21. War in Kosovo War erupted in 1999 Ethnic Albanians
Stripped of autonomous status in 1989
Kosovo Liberation Army
US and NATO intervene
Milosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikes
Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000
Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity

22. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
Death of Tito in 1980
League of Communists
In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structure
Slbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities
Slovenia and Croatia declare independence
Yugoslavian army sent to attach Croatia
Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army
1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-Herzegovina
Ethnic cleansing
NATO strikes back

23. Contemporary Canada Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968
Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984
Quebec
René Lévesque
Parti Québécois

24. The Vietnam War
President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965
Domino theory
If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism
President Richard Nixon ( ) vows to bring an honorable end “Vietnamization”
Begins withdrawing troops but bombs the North
Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops
By 1975 the U.S. leaves and South Vietnam fall to Communism.

25. The Vietnam War.
p. 934

26. The Second Vietnam War.
Between 1965 and 1973, U.S. troops fought against Vietcong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regular forces until they were finally withdrawn as a result of the Paris Agreement reached in January Shown here are U.S. troops after a Vietcong attack. The helicopter that is arriving would soon remove the American wounded from the battlefield.
p. 934

27. China and the Cold War Mao Zedong (1893-1976) Victory in 1948
Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,
Red Guards
Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong in 1972

28. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, was a massive effort by Mao Zedong and his radical supporters to eliminate rival elements within the Chinese Communist Party and achieve the final stage of communism—a classless society. Shown here in front of a picture of Chairman Mao Zedong is a group of Chinese children in uniform holding Mao’s Little Red Book (a collection of Mao’s thoughts that became a sort of bible for Chinese Communists) during the Cultural Revolution in 1968.
p. 935

29. Towards a New World Order
Détente (Nixon- Carter)
Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
Helsinki Agreements, 1975
Human rights becomes an issue with President Carter
Negotiates Egypt & Israel peace treaty
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
U.S. supports the Mujahedeen
President Ronald Reagan’s call Soviet Union the “evil empire”
Resumes arms race with SDI (star wars) program.

30. Science and Technology
The New World of Science and Technology
Military-Industrial Complex
German rockets; jets
British work in computers
J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
Computers
Dangers of Science
E.F. Schumacher ( ), Small is Beautiful

31. On the Moon.
The first landing on the moon in 1969 was one of the great technological achievements of the twentieth century. This photograph shows astronaut James Irwin shortly after he raised the American flag during a moonwalk in The lunar module and lunar rover are also visible in the picture.
p. 938

32. The Environment and the Green Movements
Problems in the environment
Pollution (cities, air, rivers, oceans)
Chernobyl, 1986
Global Warming
Green Parties

37. Postmodern Thought
Postmodernism (the relative nature of reality and knowledge—no objective truth or universal meaning)
Structuralism (language = Knowledge and Culture)
Ferdinand de Saussure
The signifier and the signified
Jacques Derrida
Poststructuralism, or deconstruction
Culture can be analyzed in many ways
Michel Foucault The History of Sexuality
Norms are culturally produced and entail some degree of power and struggle

39. Trends in Art, Literature and Music
Postmodern
Allen Kaprow
land art
Robert Venturi
Charles Moore
Piazzad’Italia
Postmodernism in literature
Gabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquez
Milan Kundera
Music
Olivier Messiaen
Philip Glass

40. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty.
Built on an abandoned industrial site, Spiral Jetty disappears and reappears according to the rise and fall of the Great Salt Lake’s water level. As seen in this 2002 photograph, the surface has become encrusted in salt as drought has lowered the lake level. Robert Smithson filmed the construction of Spiral Jetty, carefully noting the various geological formations included in his creation. Earthworks like Spiral Jetty increased in number as the welfare of the world’s ecosystems became a growing concern in the 1960s and 1970s.
p. 940

41. Popular Culture: Image and Globalization
Popular music
Experimentation in rock and roll
Video music, MTV, etc.
Growth of Mass Sports
Olympic Games
World Cup, Super Bowl, etc.
Mandatory drug testing
Global Culture
Marshall McLuhan
Mass communication technology
Problems are global not just national
Culture “Westernized” or “Americanized” at the expense of traditional culture of less developed countries

42. Charles Moore, Piazza d’Italia.
Dedicated to the Italian communities of New Orleans, Piazza d’Italia includes a schematic map of Italy on its pavement. The architect, Charles Moore, combined elements from Italy’s rich cultural past, such as Roman columns and Renaissance Baroque colonnades, with modern materials like neon lighting and stainless steel to create an eclectic Postmodern plaza.
p. 941

43. Timeline, p. 945

44. Discussion Questions
Examine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come?
How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politics
What is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the communist world?
In what ways did President Jimmy Carter demonstrate weakness in international issues?