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Unrest in Asia and Africa
Main Idea During the chaotic years following World War I, nationalist feelings increased in Asia and Africa. The resulting unrest continued into the 1930s. Reading Focus What happened in China after World War I? What changes took place in India? How did nationalism affect the Middle East? How did nationalism affect Africa?
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China after World War I May Fourth Movement Shandong Problem
World War I devastated much of Europe; postwar treaties and political unrest reshaped many nations. China also faced postwar unrest. 1917, China declares war on Germany 100,000 laborers to France Hoped would end extra-territoriality and regain German-controlled Chinese territories Treaty of Versailles gave Shandong Peninsula to Japan China does not sign May 4, 1919, angry students began strikes, protests May Fourth Movement The dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles Ambassador Wellington Koo stated that China could not concede the birthplace of Confucius China signs a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 Shandong returned to China in 1922 Shandong Problem
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Importance of Shandong
Confucius Location Tomb Temple
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May Fourth Movement May 4th 1919
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Uneasy Partnership Guomindang Communists
The Guomindang nationalists had the support of some communists, while others believed communism was the best way to modernize China. Despite this a partnership was formed to combat warlords who controlled much of China Chinese nationalist forces led by Jiang Jieshi Guomindang Party formed in 1921 Led by Mao Zedong Communists
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Chinese Civil War 1927-1936 Nationalist Gains, 1920s
Jiang Jieshi soon controlled much of China Eventually turned against Communist allies This marked beginning of Chinese Civil War The Long March, 1934 Mao Zedong Followers survived Guomindang pressure and try to escape Mao led 100,000 supporters on 6,000 mile trek through China Tried to find safe place for Chinese Communists Only 8,000 survived Eventually they would regain their strength and begin a counter-attack
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Changes in India India and World War I 1919
The early 1900s also saw the rise of nationalist feeling in India. This soon led to increasing tension between Indians and their British rulers. 800,000 Indians served with British in World War I Sacrifices had not won them any new freedoms Britain planned to keep firm control over India Anger, unrest grew India and World War I Rowlatt Acts Allowed Britain to act harshly against government opposition Amritsar Massacre (Result) British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian demonstrators 400 killed Convinced Indians to rid themselves of British rule 1919
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Indian lawyer who began to organize protests against British
Mohandas Gandhi Indian lawyer who began to organize protests against British Nonviolence Ahimsa Civil Disobedience Satyagraha “Nonviolence is the first article of may faith. It is also the last article of my creed.” Philosophy Gandhi was known as the Mahatma (Great Soul) He inspired millions to resist British rule He was arrested often, which increased public sympathy for cause India was granted limited self-rule in1935 Gandhi’s Progress
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Non-Violent Civil Disobedience
EXAMPLES Indians began boycotting British products Gandhi stopped wearing clothes made of British cloth Indians began to make own cloth Spinning wheel became the symbol of the Indian Indepence movement Clothing Boycotts Britain had a monopoly on production of salt Gandhi lead s protest against British monopoly on salt by marching with thousands of Indians to the Indian Ocean to produce their own salt Salt March 1930
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The Middle East MAIN IDEA The years after World War I saw nationalist hopes and dreams flourish throughout much of the Middle East, too. Some of these nationalist movements achieved their goals-others did not. Greece Hopes and dreams flourished are realized (partially) and then are destroyed Turkey Goals of self-determination and modernization realized Persia
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Greece following its independence from the Ottoman Empire
Kingdom of Greece 1831 Greece following its independence from the Ottoman Empire
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Hellenism Yellow = Greeks Green = Turks Orange = Bulgarians
Gray = Macedonians Blue = Albanians
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What Greeks Wanted Map of Megali Hellas (Great Greece) as proposed at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by Eleftherios Venizelos, the leading major proponent of the Megali Idea at the time.
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Megali Hellas – Greater Greece
What many Greeks had wanted was realized after Treaty of Sevres (1920)
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Turkey Ottoman Empire agreed to give up homeland of ethnic Turkish population after World War I Treaty of Sevres 1920 World War I hero Fought plans to give up lands Defeated Greek forces sent to claim Turkish territory Mustafa Kemal & Young Turks Established Republic of Turkey Treaty of Lausanne 1923
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Treaty of Sevres 1920
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Treaty of Lausanne 1923
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal was known as Atatürk, “father of the Turks” Modernized Turkey Created a secular government Ended Muslim influence
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Like Turkey, similar reforms took place in Persia
Reza Shah Pahlavi Wanted Persian independence from English influences Wanted to make Persia into a modern nation Advance industry Improve education Changed Persia’s name to Iran, 1935
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French and British Mandates
Arabs Supported by British, Arab nationalists rebelled against Ottoman Empire, 1916 Wanted to create independent Arab state from Syria to Yemen Jews Zionism, Jewish national movement to rebuild a Jewish state in ancient homeland British government supported Jewish homeland in Palestine Balfour Declaration Nationalist Hopes British did not fulfill nationalist hopes Peace agreements established French, British mandates in Middle East France Syria Lebanon British Iraq Palestine (Transjordan) Mandates Arabs, Jews believed wartime promises broken
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Due to broken promises Arab Nationalism continues to expand
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Nationalism in Africa World War I Africa Nationalism Grows
Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa Africans believed they earned independence through wartime sacrifices War caused economic hardship Trade with Europe dried up, European spending in Africa slowed Africans felt they had suffered for Europe but had little to show for it Nationalism Grows No Africans were involved in negotiations of Treaty of Versailles African nations did not gain independence INSTEAD German colonies were transferred to other countries Treaty of Versailles
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Working for Independence
Pan-African Congresses Frustrations with European powers led to seeking greater independence Organized by Africans worldwide, Pan-African Congresses began, 1919 Conferences led to series of demands for African independence Egypt Sought independence and took demands to Britain Members of group arrested, protests swept country, many Egyptians killed British finally formally declared Egypt independent, February, 1922 Victory for Nationalism? Egypt’s independence was a victory, but it did not start a trend Most of Africa remained under European control in 1920s, 1930s Desire for reform and independence continued to grow Hopes would not be realized until after World War II
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