1. Organic Oxygen Compounds
Class: acid, formula R—CO—O—H
Class: ester, formula R—CO—O—R’

2. Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the  formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. 
Carboxylic acids:
R-COOH, R-CO2H,

3. NOMENCLATURE
In IUPAC nomenclature, the name of a carboxylic acid is obtained by changing the -e of the corresponding parent alkane to -oic acid.
The common names for many carboxylic acids remain in use
Methanoic and ethanoic acid are usually referred to as formic and acetic acid

4. trifluoroethanoic acid
Nomenclature
formula
IUPAC name
traditional name
HCOOH
methanoic acid
formic acid
CH3-COOH
ethanoic acid
acetic acid
CH3CH2-COOH
propanoic acid
propionic acid
CH2=CH-COOH
propenoic acid
acrylic acid
CF3-COOH
trifluoroethanoic acid

5. How do you name CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

7. give a name …

9. Common names All common names of acid end in –ic acid.
Positions of substituent's on the chain are labeled with Greek letters.
C—C—C—C—C=O
δ γ β α used in common names

11. Carboxylic acids, common names:…
CH3(CH2)4CO2H caproic acid L. caper goat
CH3(CH2)5CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)6CO2H caprylic acid
CH3(CH2)7CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)8CO2H capric acid
CH3(CH2)9CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid oil of lauryl

12. special names

13. IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids:
parent chain = longest, continuous carbon chain that contains the carboxyl group  alkane, drop –e, add –oic acid
HCOOH methanoic acid
CH3CO2H ethanoic acid
CH3CH2CO2H propanoic acid
CH3
CH3CHCOOH 2-methylpropanoic acid Br
CH3CH2CHCO2H 2-bromobutanoic acid

14. dicarboxylic acids:
HOOC-COOH oxalic acid
HO2C-CH2-CO2H malonic acid
HO2C-CH2CH2-CO2H succinic acid
HO2C-CH2CH2CH2-CO2H glutaric acid
HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH adipic acid
HOOC-(CH2)5-COOH pimelic acid
Oh, my! Such good apple pie!

16. salts of carboxylic acids:
name of cation + name of acid: drop –ic acid, add –ate
CH3CO2Na sodium acetate or sodium ethanoate
CH3CH2CH2CO2NH4 ammonium butyrate
ammonium butanoate
(CH3CH2COO)2Mg magnesium propionate
magnesium propanoate

18. polar + hydrogen bond  relatively high mp/bp water insoluble
physical properties:
polar + hydrogen bond  relatively high mp/bp
water insoluble
exceptions: four carbons or less
acidic turn blue litmus  red
soluble in 5% NaOH
RCO2H NaOH  RCO2-Na H2O
stronger stronger weaker weaker
acid base base acid

19. RCO2H RCO2-
covalent ionic
water insoluble water soluble
Carboxylic acids are insoluble in water, but soluble in 5% NaOH.
Identification.
Separation of carboxylic acids from basic/neutral organic compounds.
The carboxylic acid can be extracted with aq. NaOH and then regenerated by the addition of strong acid.

20. RMgX + CO2  RCO2MgX + H+  RCOOH
Carboxylic acids, syntheses:
oxidation of primary alcohols
RCH2OH K2Cr2O7  RCOOH
2. oxidation of arenes
ArR KMnO4, heat  ArCOOH
3. carbonation of Grignard reagents
RMgX CO2  RCO2MgX + H+  RCOOH
4. hydrolysis of nitriles
RCN H2O, H+, heat  RCOOH

21. Carboxylic acids, reactions:
as acids
conversion into functional derivatives
a)  acid chlorides
b)  esters
c)  amides
reduction
alpha-halogenation

22. Why are carboxylic acids acidic?
Using the definition of an acid as a "substance which donates protons (hydrogen ions) to other things", the carboxylic acids are acidic because of the hydrogen in the -COOH group.
In solution in water, a hydrogen ion is transferred from the -COOH group to a water molecule. For example, with ethanoic acid, you get an ethanoate ion formed together with a hydroxonium ion, H3O+.

24. as acids: with active metals RCO2H + Na  RCO2-Na+ + H2(g) with bases
RCO2H NaOH  RCO2-Na H2O
quantitative
HA H2O  H3O A ionization in water
Ka = [H3O+] [A-] / [HA]

25. Conversion into functional derivatives:
 acid chlorides

26.  esters
“direct” esterification: H+
RCOOH R´OH  RCO2R´ H2O
-reversible and often does not favor the ester
-use an excess of the alcohol or acid to shift equilibrium
-or remove the products to shift equilibrium to completion
“indirect” esterification:
RCOOH PCl3  RCOCl R´OH  RCO2R´
-convert the acid into the acid chloride first; not reversible

28.  amides
“indirect” only!
RCOOH SOCl2  RCOCl NH3  RCONH2
amide
Directly reacting ammonia with a carboxylic acid results in an ammonium salt:
RCOOH NH3  RCOO-NH4+
acid base

29. Reduction:
RCO2H LiAlH4; then H+  RCH2OH
1o alcohol
Carboxylic acids resist catalytic reduction under normal conditions.
RCOOH H2, Ni  NR

31. Alpha-halogenation: (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction)
RCH2COOH X2, P  RCHCOOH HX X
α-haloacid
X2 = Cl2, Br2

33. DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ESTERS
What are esters?
Esters are derived from carboxylic acids.
A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group, and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind.
This could be an alkyl group like methyl or ethyl, or one containing a benzene ring like phenyl.

34. A common ester - ethyl ethanoate
Notice that the ester is named the opposite way around from the way the formula is written. The "ethanoate" bit comes from ethanoic acid. The "ethyl" bit comes from the ethyl group on the end.

35. A few more esters ...

36. Esters are very common natural products
also called "isopentyl acetate" and "isoamyl acetate"
contributes to characteristic odor of BANANAS

37. Esters of Glycerol R, R', and R" can be the same or different
called "triacylglycerols," "glyceryl triesters," or
"triglycerides"

38. Esters of Glycerol
fats and oils are mixtures of glyceryl triesters

39. Fats and oils Differences between fats and oils
Animal and vegetable fats and oils are just big complicated esters. The difference between a fat (like butter) and an oil (like sunflower oil) is simply in the melting points of the mixture of esters they contain.
If the melting points are below room temperature, it will be a liquid - an oil. If the melting points are above room temperature, it will be a solid - a fat.

40. Saturated and unsaturated fats and oils
If the fat or oil is saturated, it means that the acid that it was derived from has no carbon-carbon double bonds in its chain.
Stearic acid is a saturated acid, and so glyceryl tristearate is a saturated fat.
Those same terms will then apply to the esters that are formed

41. Here is a simplified diagram of a saturated fat:

42. Saturated and unsaturated fats and oils
If the acid has just one carbon-carbon double bond somewhere in the chain, it is called mono-unsaturated.
If it has more than one carbon-carbon double bond, it is polyunsaturated.
Those same terms will then apply to the esters that are formed.

43. Oleic acid is a typical mono-unsaturated acid
. . . and linoleic and linolenic acids are typical polyunsaturated acids

44. Here is a simplified diagram of a unsaturated fats:
Unsaturated fats and oils have at least one carbon-carbon double bond in at least one chain.

45. You might possibly have come across the terms "omega 6" and "omega 3" in the context of fats and oils.
Linoleic acid is an omega 6 acid. It just means that the first carbon-carbon double bond starts on the sixth carbon from the CH3 end.
Linolenic acid is an omega 3 acid for the same reason.
Because of their relationship with fats and oils, all of the acids above are sometimes described as fatty acids.

46. "omega 3“ acid Chemical structure of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Chemical structure of  docosahexaenoic acid (EPA)

47. The physical properties of fats and oils
Solubility in water
Melting points
None of these molecules are water soluble. The chain lengths are now so great that far too many hydrogen bonds between water molecules would have to be broken - so it isn't energetically profitable.
The melting points determine whether the substance is a fat (a solid at room temperature) or an oil (a liquid at room temperature).
Fats normally contain saturated chains.
The greater the extent of the unsaturation in the molecules, the lower the melting points.