1. Polymers

2. In this lesson you will learn
1) What polymerization is 2) The 2 types of polymerization reactions i) addition ii) condensation

3. Terminology
Polymerization
Condensation
Biofuel
Monomer V Polymer

4. Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded
Polymer
This name hints at how polymers are made
Many Parts
PLASTICS
Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded

5. POLYMERISATION
Small molecules (monomers) join together into a large molecule.
There are 2 basic types
ADDITION : made from alkenes
CONDENSATION made from dicarboxylic acids and diols

6. Polymerisation of Propene

7. POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES ADDITION POLYMERISATION
The equation shows the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer
ethene poly(ethene)
MONOMER POLYMER
n represents a large number

8. Polymers: Introduction
If a Monomer = A
then Polymer = A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
Ex:
C=C C=C C=C    -C-C-C-C-C-C
monomer monomer monomer polymer (plastic)
Note:
Only one product
Occurs with alkenes

9. DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLASTIC EXAMPLES OF ADDITION POLYMERISATION
ETHENE
POLY(ETHENE)
PROPENE
POLY(PROPENE)
CHLOROETHENE
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC
TETRAFLUOROETHENE
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)
PTFE “Teflon”

10. POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
SPOTTING THE MONOMER

11. POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
SPOTTING THE MONOMER

12. POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES ADDITION POLYMERISATION
Chemical Properties
Fairly inert. This means it is resistant to chemical attack and
2) it is non-biodegradable.
3) VERY large molecules so they have a lot of INTERMOLECULAR forces…..what property does this give them?

13. Polyethylene.
Polyethylene. It is the most common plastic you see.
It is used for bottles, buckets, jugs, containers, toys, even synthetic lumber, and many other things.

14. POLYMER PROPERTIES
Plastics are all solid at room temperature, why?
These molecules are VERY large so intermolecular forces are huge.
so polymers are solid at room temperature.
The carbon–carbon covalent bonds are strong and there are
so very many, so plastics are NOT chemically reactive.
The physical properties come from weak intermolecular
Forces, but here are many of these too, thus plastics melt but ay a fairly high temperatures Ex: 150 0C (polyethene). Unless they are cross bridged (we talk later)
2. Why do plastics melt rather than react?

15. Condensation Polymerization

16. Starch is a condensation polymer formed by joining molecules together.
glucose
Each monomer in a condensation polymer must have at least functional groups.
two
LO: I know the structure of starch.

17. An ester is formed when an reacts with a acid.
alcohol
carboxylic
The monomers used to make a polyester are:
An alcohol with two groups (diol).
hydroxyl
An acid with two groups (diacid).
carboxyl
LO: I know the structure of a polyester.

18. An amide is formed when an reacts with a carboxylic acid.
amine N H
An amine is a molecule containing an amino group ( ):
NH2
For example, ethylamine: C N H
CH3CH2NH2
The molecules react to form an amide link: C N O H

19. The monomers used to make a polyamide are:
An amine with two groups (diamine).
amino
An acid with two groups (diacid).
carboxyl
Nylon
is a polyamide.
LO: I know the structure of a polyamide.

20. Uses for Polymers
POLYMER
Properties
Uses

21. Uses for Polymers Uses POLYMER Properties Polythene
Very cheap and strong. Easily moulded.
Plastic bags, bottles, buckets

22. Uses for Polymers Uses POLYMER Properties Polythene
Very cheap and strong. Easily moulded.
Plastic bags, bottles, buckets
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Forms strong waterproof sheets. Hard but flexible.
Electric wire insulation, plastic sheets

23. Uses for Polymers Uses POLYMER Properties Polythene
Very cheap and strong. Easily moulded.
Plastic bags, bottles, buckets
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Forms strong waterproof sheets. Hard but flexible.
Electric wire insulation, plastic sheets
Polystyrene
Cheap, easily moulded. Can be expanded into foam
Packaging, radio outer cases

24. Uses for Polymers Uses POLYMER Properties Polythene
Very cheap and strong. Easily moulded.
Plastic bags, bottles, buckets
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Forms strong waterproof sheets. Hard but flexible.
Electric wire insulation, plastic sheets
Polystyrene
Cheap, easily moulded. Can be expanded into foam
Packaging, radio outer cases
Polypropene
Resistant to high temperatures
Trays, sinks, bottles, funnels

25. PLASTICS - advantages

26. PLASTICS - advantages
Easily shaped and moulded, and can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuum formed

27. PLASTICS - advantages
Easily shaped and moulded, and can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuum formed
They are relatively inexpensive, being produced as a by-product of oil refining.

28. They are durable, and do not rust, corrode or decay.
PLASTICS - advantages
Easily shaped and moulded, and can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuum formed
They are relatively inexpensive, being produced as a by-product of oil refining.
They are durable, and do not rust, corrode or decay.

29. PLASTICS - advantages
Easily shaped and moulded, and can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuum formed
They are relatively inexpensive, being produced as a by-product of oil refining.
They are durable, and do not rust, corrode or decay.
They are lighter than steel, wood or stone.

30. PLASTICS - advantages
Easily shaped and moulded, and can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuum formed
They are relatively inexpensive, being produced as a by-product of oil refining.
They are durable, and do not rust, corrode or decay.
They are lighter than steel, wood or stone.
They are thermal and electrical insulators.

31. Plastic can be bad

32. PLASTICS - disadvantages

33. PLASTICS - disadvantages
They are not biodegradable. This means that they do not decay naturally

34. PLASTICS - disadvantages
They are not biodegradable. Plastics are made from fossil fuels which are non-renewable
Many plastics produce poisonous fumes when they burn.

35. Burning some plastics is bad (CH2CHCl)n + O2  CO2 + CO + HCl + H2O
PVC pipes are safe until it burns. The chlorines in the PVC combine with the hydrogen atoms in the PVC to form hydrogen chloride gas (HCl).
When this contacts water in lungs or mouth, it turns to hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)).

36. Plastics Uses and Problems

37. Biodegradable Plastics
Instead of using fossil fuel derived monomers for polymerization,
Starch from foods (corn starch or potato starch can be used, they
can polymerize and form plastics as well as ethene or propene.
Advantage: pollution control as these will rot in less than a year
Disadvantage: using food when the world still has hungry
people is grossly unethical. These plastics do not work as well

38. Quiz

39. In this lesson did you learn
1) What polymerization is 2) The 2 types of polymerization reactions i) addition ii) condensation