1. Cell Organelles and Features

2. The Plasma membrane Also called the cell membrane
Selectively permeable
The cell structure that encloses the cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
Allows nutrients into the cell
Allows waste to leave the cell
Also aids in protection and support of the cell.

3. STRUCTURE OF CELL MEMBRANE
Made primarily of phospholipids
Have polar, hydrophilic “water-loving” head
Have a nonpolar, hydrophobic “water-fearing” tail
Water molecule surround the cell membrane
The phospholipids form into a phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol is found in the membrane to make it more rigid and prevent it from freezing at low temperatures

5. Membrane proteins Cell membranes contain specific proteins
Integral proteins are embedded within the bilayer
Peripheral proteins are on the only one side of the bilayer and are not embedded into it

6. Fluid Mosaic Model
The phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid, more than a solid.
The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to “float” in the membrane.

7. Cytoplasm Gel-like material that fills the cell.
In prokaryotic cells all the processes that keep the cell alive happen right in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells have organelles in which those processes happen.
Cytoplasm video clip.

8. Cytoskeleton
It is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that also provide an anchor for organelles.
Microtubules - long hollow protein cylinders
Microfilaments – thin protein threads
Still images

9. The Nucleus
Most of the functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the nucleus
Contains the chromosomes which are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelop contains
proteins lined nuclear pores
that are passage ways for
RNA and other materials to
enter/exit the cell

10. Nucleolus
A denser area of the nucleus
Site where DNA is concentrated

11. Mitochondria The “power house” of the cell Has its own DNA
Sites of cellular respiration, a process which supplies the cell with ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Bound by a double membrane
The inner membrane had many folds called cristae that carry out cellular respiration

12. Ribosomes
Small, roughly spherical organelles that are responsible for making proteins.
Ribosomes do not have a membrane
Some are found freely floating in the cytosol
Others are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A complex, extensive network that transports materials throughout the inside of a cell.
Two Types:
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the surface is ribosome-studded.
Produces proteins and phospholipids
Smooth ER has no attached ribosomes.
Builds lipids like cholesterol

14. Golgi apparatus Contains sacs that receive materials from the ER.
Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell or outside the cell.

15. VESICLES
Small, round sacs that are surrounded by a single membrane

16. Lysosomes
Contain chemicals called enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell
Break down old worn out cell parts
Can break down macromolecules
Responsible for breaking
down cells when it is time
for the cell to die
Play an important role in
maintaining the overall
health of an organisms
by destroying cells that
are no longer functioning
correctly

17. Centrioles
A small group of microtubules that help in cell division occurs.
Video clip

18. Vacuole
“Storage” spaces
A sac to store food, water ,carbohydrates, enzymes, salts and other materials needed by the cell.
Vacuoles in animal cells (if they are present) are much smaller than those in plant cells.
Video clip

19. Organelles found in plant cells

20. Cell Wall Found in plants, fungi and some bacteria
Cell structure that surrounds the cell membrane for protection and support
Allows for specific substances to pass in and out of the cell.
Made of cellulose
Video clip

21. Why do plants need cell walls?
Cell walls provide structural support for plants like a Skelton provides structural support for your. Without cell walls, plants would not be able to stand up
What is important about cellulose?
It is a macromolecule that humans cannot digest because they do not have the necessary enzymes; therefore, it passes through your digestive system as “fiber,” cleaning out the intestines.

22. Chloroplast
Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar through the process of photosynthesis.
Video clip

23. movement structures Cilia
Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Flagella
Longer and less numerous than cilia
400x
Create movement with a whiplike motion
26,367x

24. The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes
(live on dead organisms)

25. The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs
(digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies)
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
BREAD MOLD

26. The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR YEAST

27. The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
They may have several nuclei within a single cell.
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae

29. The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
EDIBLE
POISONOUS

30. The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
Spores come in various shapes

31. The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
Fungicide kills leaf fungus

32. The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
Penicillium mold
Puffball

33. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage
Starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Nucleus near cell wall

34. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria

35. Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present