1. Global Currents in Indian History: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the World Wars India: Farina Mir Department of History University of Michigan

2. British Empire in India
1757 – Battle of Plassey
1765 – Battle of Buxar

3. Grant of ‘Diwani,’ Mughal Emperor Shah Alam to Robert Clive
Grant of Diwani Shah Alam to Clive c.1818

4. East India Company Troops

5. Sepoys in the East India Company Army

6. East India Company Army
1793
1798
1805
1815
European
18,768
22,166
24,891
31,611
Native
69,661
91,147
167,674
195,572
Total
88,429
113,313
192,565
227,183

7. British Empire in India
1757 – Battle of Plassey
1765 – Battle of Buxar
1858 – Transition from Company to Crown Rule

8. British Indian Army Afghanistan 1870s and 1880s Burma 1880s Egypt 1882
Uprisings in Sudan and 1896
Boxer Rebellion, China 1900
Boer War, South Africa
Tibet …

9. India and World War I Army: 1918 - 1.2 million man army
Fight in Europe, East Africa, Middle East
Mesopotamia: 60,000 killed
Noncombatants
Defense expenditure increase 300%

10. Mesopotamia

12. Indian Memorial (Port Arthur)

13. More than 65,000 Indian Soldiers died in and around Ypres, Belgium

16. Sikh Soldier, WWI

17. Indian Soldiers Convalescing in Brighton

18. Convalescing in the Brighton Pavilion

19. India and World War I Fiscal Implications: Raise income tax
Raise customs duties
Inflationary pressures
Price of food grains doubled
Price of imports almost tripled
Generally, period of acute distress

21. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869-1948

22. Gandhi ‘a completely unofficial man’
Eroded the moral authority and then the political power of the British empire in India.

23. Gandhi’s Political Philosophy
Satyagraha
Ahimsa

24. Satyagraha Satya (truth) agraha (struggle)
“truth-force”
Basic principles
Careful study/fact gathering
Public statement of objectives
Opportunity for mutually-agreed settlement
Launch agitation
Objective: convince opponent of rightness of satyagrahi’s cause
Ahimsa – nonviolence
Nonviolent, non-cooperation

25. March 30, 1930
Ram Rajya
God’s Rule? or
Hindu Rule?

26. Gandhi as the “father” of modern India
Promote Rights of Peasants
Revitalize India’s Villages
Eradicate Untouchability
Pursue Gender Equality
Encourage hand-spinning

27. Gandhi: Revolutionary or Traditionalist?
‘Satyagraha’
Reorientation of nationalist movement
Rejection of modern industrial society
Remove untouchability
Traditionalist
Empowered those ensconced in the social hierarchy
No support for industrial working class
Wealthier peasants benefit most
Trusteeship

28. Gandhi and Kasturbai in 1915

29. Barrister in Johannesburg, 1906

30. London Vegetarian Society, 1890

31. Gandhi in South Africa

32. Gandhi in South Africa, 1893-1914
Encountered racism in its extreme form
Sense of national identity strengthened
Devised satyagraha
First experiments with communal living
Adopted celibacy
Began to lose faith in the British Empire

33. Gandhi and Gokhale, South Africa, 1912

34. Libya, Dec. 1941

35. Burma, 1943

36. Scout Crew, Italy

37. Bologna, Italy

38. Indian Soldiers in Italy

39. British Indian Army: 2.5 million men
India and WWII
British Indian Army: 2.5 million men
Use of Indian revenues to pay for army
Debt: £1.3 Billion
High Inflation in India
Bengal Famine

46. Zainul Abedin
( )