1. Structure and Cohesion

2. Organisation of a piece of academic writing
Types of academic writing – reports, essays, projects, assignments, reviews etc.
Structure – parts of a piece of writing
Cohesion – the way in which the diferent parts are linked together

3. Structure Basic structure includes:
1. INTRODUCTION (the subject or topic)
2. DEVELOPMENT/BODY (main ideas -presentation, analysis and discussion)
3. CONCLUSION (a summary of the main points; own views/opinions and decisions or recommendations)

4. Language functions
Each part of the writing will consist of language functions: particular uses and structures of the language organised according to specific purposes – describing, defining, classifying, analysing etc.
Each language function consists of sentences and/or paragraphs that are joined together by connectives

5. Cohesion Feature of a text in which there is a logical flow of ideas
Cohesive elements are connectives (words or phrases that indicate a logical relationship)

6. Connectives Sentences are linked by means of connectives
Basic connectives are:
A – and
B – or
C - but

7. A – and Enumeration (first..., furthermore, finally;
one, two, three; firstly, secondly, thirdly; next, then...)
Addition (also, again, further, moreover, besides, above all...)
Transition (regarding, now, as to...)
Summation (in conclusion, to sum up briefly, overall, thus...)

8. B - or
Reformulation (to express something in another way – rather, better, in other words, in that case...)
Replacement (to express an alternative to what has preceded – again, alternatively, on the other hand...)

9. C - but
Contrast to what has preceded (instead, then, on the contrary, in comparison...)
Concession indicates the unexpected nature of what is being said in view of what was said before (however, nevertheless, only, still, although, at any rate, all the same, even though...)

10. Paragraphs Writing must be divided in paragraphs
A paragraph normally contains several sentences that are concerned with the theme contained in the key sentence
Key sentence contains the main idea (topic)
Other sentences support it by adding further information or examples

11. The Stages of Writing an Essay
Think about the topic
Make a reading list
Read with a purpose, make notes, note sources
Decide about the content of the essay
Write first draft in academic style (avoiding colloquial expressions and personal references)
Read critically, check organisation, cohesion and language; revise the draft
Write final version
Compile bibliography in strict alphabetical order

12. Essay assignment 8-10 pages Introduction (why?) Body (what?)
Conclusion – make it your own
Literature
Referencing

13. Suggested topics The development of education in social work
The changing profession of social work
The role of social workers in today’s society
New challenges of social policy

14. Deadline for submission
April 14 (essay to be sent for correction/comments)
April 24 (printed corrected version to be brought)

15. Thank you for your attention!