1. Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition
Chapter 14
The Personal and Social Impact of Computers

2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Policies and procedures must be established to avoid computer waste and mistakes
Describe some examples of waste and mistakes in an IS environment, their causes, and possible solutions
Identify policies and procedures useful in eliminating waste and mistakes
Discuss the principles and limits of an individual’s right to privacy
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Computer crime is a serious and rapidly growing area of concern requiring management attention
Explain the types and effects of computer crime
Identify specific measures to prevent computer crime
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

4. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Jobs, equipment, and working conditions must be designed to avoid negative health effects
List the important effects of computers on the work environment
Identify specific actions that must be taken to ensure the health and safety of employees
Outline criteria for the ethical use of information systems
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

5. Why Learn About Security, Privacy, and Ethical Issues in Information Systems and the Internet?
Many nontechnical issues associated with ISs
Human Resource employees need to:
Prevent computer waste and mistakes
Avoid privacy violations
Comply with laws about:
Collecting customer data
Monitoring employees
Employees, IS users, and Internet users need to:
Avoid crime, fraud, privacy invasion
Comply = mematuhi
Fraud = penipuan, kecurangan
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

6. Computer Waste and Mistakes
Inappropriate use of computer technology and resources
Computer-related mistakes
Errors, failures, and other computer problems that make computer output incorrect or not useful
Caused mostly by human error
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

7. Computer Waste
Cause: improper management of information systems and resources
Discarding old software and computer systems when they still have value
Building and maintaining complex systems that are never used to their fullest extent
Using corporate time and technology for personal use
Spam
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

8. Computer-Related Mistakes
Common causes
Failure by users to follow proper procedures
Unclear expectations and a lack of feedback
Program development that contains errors
Incorrect data entry by data-entry clerk
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

9. Preventing Computer-Related Waste and Mistakes
Effective policies and procedures must be:
Established
Implemented
Monitored
Reviewed
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

10. Establishing Policies and Procedures
Establish policies and procedures regarding efficient acquisition, use, and disposal of systems and devices
Identify most common types of computer-related mistakes
Training programs for individuals and workgroups
Manuals and documents on how computer systems are to be maintained and used
Approval of certain systems and applications before they are implemented and used
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

11. Implementing Policies and Procedures
Policies often focus on:
Implementation of source data automation
Use of data editing to ensure data accuracy and completeness
Assignment of clear responsibility for data accuracy within each information system
Training is very important for acceptance and implementation of policies and procedures
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

12. Monitoring Policies and Procedures
Monitor routine practices and take corrective action if necessary
Implement internal audits to measure actual results against established goals
Follow requirements in Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Requires companies to document underlying financial data to validate earnings reports
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

13. Reviewing Policies and Procedures
Do current policies cover existing practices adequately?
Were any problems or opportunities uncovered during monitoring?
Does the organization plan any new activities in the future?
If so, does it need new policies or procedures on who will handle them and what must be done?
Are contingencies and disasters covered?
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

14. Computer Crime Often defies detection
Amount stolen or diverted can be substantial
Crime is “clean” and nonviolent
Number of IT-related security incidents is increasing dramatically
Computer crime is now global
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

15. The Computer as a Tool to Commit Crime
Criminals need two capabilities to commit most computer crimes
Knowing how to gain access to computer system
Knowing how to manipulate the system to produce desired results
Examples
Social engineering
Dumpster diving
Counterfeit and banking fraud using sophisticated desktop publishing programs and high-quality printers
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

16. Cyberterrorism
Cyberterrorist: intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attacks against computers, networks, and information stored on them
Homeland Security Department’s Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate
Serves as governmental focal point for fighting cyberterrorism
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

17. Identity Theft
Imposter obtains personal identification information such as Social Security or driver’s license numbers in order to impersonate someone else
To obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim
To have false credentials
Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 passed to fight identity theft
9 million victims in 2005
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

18. The Computer as the Object of Crime
Crimes fall into several categories
Illegal access and use
Data alteration and destruction
Information and equipment theft
Software and Internet piracy
Computer-related scams
International computer crime
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

19. Illegal Access and Use Hacker: learns about and uses computer systems
Criminal hacker (also called a cracker): gains unauthorized use or illegal access to computer systems
Script bunny: automates the job of crackers
Insider: employee who comprises corporate systems
Malware: software programs that destroy or damage processing
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

20. Illegal Access and Use (continued)
Virus: program file capable of attaching to disks or other files and replicating itself repeatedly
Worm: parasitic computer program that can create copies of itself on infected computer or send copies to other computers via a network
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

21. Illegal Access and Use (continued)
Trojan horse: program that appears to be useful but purposefully does something user does not expect
Logic bomb: type of Trojan horse that executes when specific conditions occur
Variant: modified version of a virus that is produced by virus’s author or another person
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

22. Using Antivirus Programs
Antivirus program: program or utility that prevents viruses and recovers from them if they infect a computer
Tips on using antivirus software
Run and update antivirus software often
Scan all diskettes and CDs before using them
Install software only from a sealed package or secure, well-known Web site
Follow careful downloading practices
If you detect a virus, take immediate action
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

23. Using Antivirus Programs (continued)
Antivirus software should be used and updated often
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

24. Information and Equipment Theft
Obtaining identification numbers and passwords to steal information or disrupt systems
Trial and error, password sniffer program
Software theft
Computer systems and equipment theft
Data on equipment is valuable
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

25. Software and Internet Software Piracy
Software is protected by copyright laws
Copyright law violations
Making additional copies
Loading the software onto more than one machine
Software piracy: act of illegally duplicating software
Internet-based software piracy
Most rapidly expanding type of software piracy and most difficult form to combat
Examples: pirate Web sites, auction sites with counterfeit software, peer-to-peer networks
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

26. Computer-Related Scams
Examples of Internet scams
Get-rich-quick schemes
“Free” vacations with huge hidden costs
Bank fraud
Fake telephone lotteries
Selling worthless penny stocks
Phishing
Gaining access to personal information by redirecting user to fake site
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

27. International Computer Crime
Computer crime becomes more complex when it is committed internationally
Large percentage of software piracy takes place across borders
Threat of terrorists, international drug dealers, and other criminals using information systems to launder illegally obtained funds
Computer Associates International’s CleverPath for Global Compliance software
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

28. Preventing Computer-Related Crime
Efforts to curb computer crime being made by:
Private users
Companies
Employees
Public officials
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

29. Crime Prevention by State and Federal Agencies
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
Punishment based on the victim’s dollar loss
Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
Responds to network security breaches
Monitors systems for emerging threats
Newer and tougher computer crime legislation is emerging
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

30. Crime Prevention by Corporations
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
Allows users of an unsecured public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data
Use of a public and a private cryptographic key pair, obtained and shared through a trusted authority
Biometrics: measurement of one of a person’s traits, whether physical or behavioral
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

31. Crime Prevention by Corporations (continued)
Table 14.3: Common Methods Used to Commit Computer Crimes
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

32. Crime Prevention by Corporations (continued)
Table 14.3: Common Methods Used to Commit Computer Crimes (continued)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

33. Using Intrusion Detection Software
Intrusion detection system (IDS)
Monitors system and network resources
Notifies network security personnel when it senses a possible intrusion, such as:
Repeated failed logon attempts
Attempts to download a program to a server
Access to a system at unusual hours
Can provide false alarms
or voice message alerts may be missed
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

34. Using Managed Security Service Providers (MSSPs)
Managed security service provider (MSSP): organization that monitors, manages, and maintains network security for both hardware and software for its client companies
Sifts through alarms and alerts from all monitoring systems
May provide scanning, blocking, and filtering capabilities
Useful for small and midsized companies
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

35. Internet Laws for Libel and Protection of Decency
Filtering software
Screens Internet content to protect children
Prevents children from sending personal information over or through chat groups
Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA) rating system for Web sites
Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
Requires filters in federally funded libraries
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

36. Internet Laws for Libel and Protection of Decency (continued)
Libel: publishing an intentionally false written statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation
Can online services be sued for libel for content that someone else publishes on their service?
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

37. Preventing Crime on the Internet
Develop effective Internet usage and security policies
Use a stand-alone firewall with network monitoring capabilities
Deploy intrusion detection systems, monitor them, and follow up on their alarms
Monitor managers’ and employees’ use of Internet
Use Internet security specialists to perform audits of all Internet and network activities
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

38. Privacy Issues
With information systems, privacy deals with the collection and use or misuse of data
More and more information on all of us is being collected, stored, used, and shared among organizations
Who owns this information and knowledge?
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

39. Privacy and the Federal Government
Data collectors
U.S. federal government
State and local governments
Profit and nonprofit organizations
U.S. National Security Agency (NSA)’s program to wiretap telephone and Internet traffic of U.S. residents
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

40. Privacy at Work
Rights of workers who want their privacy versus interests of companies that demand to know more about their employees
Workers can be closely monitored via computer technology
Track every keystroke made by a user
Determine what workers are doing while at the keyboard
Estimate how many breaks workers are taking
Many workers consider monitoring dehumanizing
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

41. Privacy
Federal law permits employers to monitor sent and received by employees
messages that have been erased from hard disks can be retrieved and used in lawsuits
Use of among public officials might violate “open meeting” laws
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

42. Privacy and the Internet
Huge potential for privacy invasion on the Internet
messages
Visiting a Web site
Buying products over the Internet
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P): screening technology
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 1998: requires privacy policies and parental consent
Potential dangers on social networking Web sites
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

43. Fairness in Information Use
Table 14.4: The Right to Know and the Ability to Decide
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

44. Fairness in Information Use (continued)
The Privacy Act of 1974: provides privacy protection from federal agencies
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: requires financial institutions to protect customers’ nonpublic data
USA Patriot Act: allows law enforcement and intelligence agencies to gather private information
Other laws regulate fax advertisements, credit-card bureaus, the IRS, video rental stores, telemarketers, etc.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

45. Corporate Privacy Policies
Should address a customer’s knowledge, control, notice, and consent over storage and use of information
May cover who has access to private data and when it may be used
A good database design practice is to assign a single unique identifier to each customer
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

46. Individual Efforts to Protect Privacy
Find out what is stored about you in existing databases
Be careful when you share information about yourself
Be proactive to protect your privacy
When purchasing anything from a Web site, make sure that you safeguard your credit card numbers, passwords, and personal information
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

47. The Work Environment
Use of computer-based information systems has changed the workforce
Jobs that require IS literacy have increased
Less-skilled positions have decreased
Computer technology and information systems have opened up numerous avenues to professionals and nonprofessionals
Despite increasing productivity and efficiency, computers and information systems can raise other concerns
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

48. Health Concerns Occupational stress Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Emissions from improperly maintained and used equipment
Increase in traffic accidents due to drivers using cell phones, laptops, or other devices while driving
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

49. Avoiding Health and Environment Problems
Work stressors: hazardous activities associated with unfavorable conditions of a poorly designed work environment
Ergonomics: science of designing machines, products, and systems to maximize safety, comfort, and efficiency of people who use them
Employers, individuals, and hardware manufacturing companies can take steps to reduce RSI and develop a better work environment
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

50. Avoiding Health and Environment Problems (continued)
Research has shown that developing certain ergonomically correct habits can reduce the risk of RSI when using a computer
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

51. Ethical Issues in Information Systems
Laws do not provide a complete guide to ethical behavior
Many IS-related organizations have codes of ethics for their members
American Computing Machinery (ACM): oldest computing society founded in 1947
ACM’s code of ethics and professional conduct
Contribute to society and human well-being
Avoid harm to others
Be honest and trustworthy
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

52. Ethical Issues in Information Systems (continued)
ACM’s code of ethics and professional conduct (continued)
Be fair and take action not to discriminate
Honor property rights including copyrights and patents
Give proper credit for intellectual property
Respect the privacy of others
Honor confidentiality
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

53. Summary
Computer waste: inappropriate use of computer technology and resources
Computer-related mistakes: errors, failures, and other computer problems that make computer output incorrect or not useful; caused mostly by human error
Preventing computer-related waste and mistakes requires establishing, implementing, monitoring, and reviewing effective policies and procedures
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

54. Summary (continued)
Criminals need two capabilities to commit most computer crimes: knowing how to gain access to a computer system and knowing how to manipulate the system to produce desired results
Crimes in which computer is the tool: cyberterrorism, identity theft, etc.
Crimes in which computer is the object of crime: illegal access and use, data alteration and destruction, information and equipment theft, software and Internet piracy, computer-related scams, and international computer crime
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

55. Summary (continued)
Efforts to curb computer crime are being made by state and federal agencies, corporations, and individuals
With information systems, privacy deals with the collection and use or misuse of data
Ergonomics: science of designing machines, products, and systems to maximize safety, comfort, and efficiency of people who use them
Many IS-related organizations have codes of ethics for their members
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition