2. Matter
Matter can be described by using physical and chemical properties.
Properties are characteristics of matter that make it unique.

3. Property = Characteristic
Review: All matter has what two properties in common?
There are many other unique properties of matter that can help us identify what type of matter it is.
Mass and Volume

4. 2. Physical PropertY
Def. – characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing a substance’s identity.
A.D. Ex. -color, mass, length, volume, density, state of matter, smell, texture, etc.

5. Observable Physical Properties
Observable Physical Properties: Properties for which you can use your senses to get information about an object.
If you can describe matter based on how it looks, feels, smells or tastes, you are describing the physical properties.

6. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.
Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.
Iodine
Sulfur

7. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Luster: Describes how a substance reflects light.

8. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Texture: The way a surface feels.

9. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Smell: The odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance.
For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

10. There are also Measurable PHYSICAL Properties of Matter
Measurable Physical Properties: Properties (characteristics) that must be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).
Ruler
Beaker
Scale
Triple Beam Balance
Graduated Cylinder

11. Measurable Properties of Matter
4. Mass: (back to your notes)
Def. the amount of matter that something is made of.
A.D. Tool is a triple beam balance or a scale.
A.D. Unit is grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

12. Which object has less mass?

13. Measurable Physical Properties of Matter
Weight: is the measure of how gravity is pulling on an object (mass). Gravity is less on the MOON!!!
On earth, we just weigh you to calculate!

14. Mass = 50 kg
EVERYWHERE
Weight = lbs.
Weight = 100 lbs.

15. Measurable Properties of Matter
5. Volume: (there is another slide; write small on your vocab. sheet)
Def. the amount of space an object takes up.
A.D. –- Use the formula: LxWxH for a regular solid
L(cm) x W(cm)x H(cm) = ______cm³ (centimeters cubed is the unit)
*Don’t copy this (but DO remember it) -ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!

16. Measurable Properties of Matter
5. Volume: (cont.)
A.D. For Liquids, use a graduated cylinder; unit is mL (milliliters)
A.D. For irregular solids, use a grad. cylinder and water displacement; unit is cm³

17. Measuring the Volume of Liquids:
How to calculate: Use a graduated cylinder to find the volume at the meniscus.
Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask
How to read a graduated cylinder
Must be at eye level to read.
Must read at bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.
Unit: mL or L for liquids
or cm³ for solids

18. Measurable Properties of Matter
Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids:
Water displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.
Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid
UNIT: water measured in mL,
but since it is a solid object you’re
Measuring, use cm3.
1 mL = 1 cm3

19. Measurable Properties of Matter
Water Displacement

20. Which object has GREATER VOLUME?

21. Measurable Properties of Matter
6. Density: (more on the next slide) Def: the amount of matter in a given space or volume. A.D. all matter has its own unique density

22. Measurable Properties of Matter
A.D. Formula - Density = Mass/Volume
m (g)
D =
V (mL or cm³)
A.D. Unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3. Why?
A.D. Density of water is 1g/cm³ (anything with a density higher than 1g/cm³ will sink in water; anything with a lower density will float) m D V

23. Which has the greater density?

24. Calculate the density for the following objects: Mass= 10 Volume= 5
Practice
Calculate the density for the following
objects:
Mass= 10 Volume= 5
b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8
c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10
d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12
Which object is water? Which object(s) will
float in water? Which object(s) will sink in
water?
2g/cm3 sinker
2g/cm3 sinker
0.5g/cm3 floater
1g/cm3 water

25. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Malleability: the ability of a substance to be pounded into thin sheets.

26. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Magnetism: an attractive force between ions.

27. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.
Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.

28. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.
Nonmetals are usually good insulators.

29. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
9). Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.
Metals usually are ductile.

30. Specific heat - How much energy it takes to increase the temperature 1 degrees.
Calculate – special thermometer
Units: joules per kilogram kelvin
A high specific hear means it takes a LOT of energy/heat to change the temperature of the substance.

31. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Solubility: The ability to dissolve in another substance.
Examples: sugar dissolves in water.

32. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

33. State of matter is a physical property!!!!
STATES OF MATTER
State of matter is a physical property!!!!
MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA

34. PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)
Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER
Movement: VIBRATE
Shape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED VOLUME

35. In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:
THE OBJECT IS HARDER
THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO
BREAK THEM APART
THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO
CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A
LIQUID

36. The particles in a LIQUID:
Pattern: none
Movement: atoms roll or slide over each other and move faster than a solid.
Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of container
Volume: Fixed

37. Movement: PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET
The particles in a GAS:
Pattern: none
Movement: PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET
Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container
Volume: No fixed volume

38. The particles in PLASMA:
Pattern: none
Movement: Particles move very fast and are therefore very HOT
Shape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR VOLUME
Facts: Most common state of matter in the universe.
Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth.
Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)

39. What causes matter to move through changes?
Temperature changes!

40. Measurable Properties of Matter
Temperature – A measure of how hot or cold a substance is.
Calculate – Use a thermometer
Unit – degrees Fahrenheit/ Celsius (in USA we use F)

41. Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 100o C (212o F)
Calculate –
Use a thermometer

42. Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F)
Calculate – Use a thermometer

43. Freezing Point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a Solid at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F)
Calculate – Use a thermometer

44. Why are some objects less dense than other objects?
As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.

45. What causes molecules to spread?
Adding energy (usually in the form of heat) so the movement of the molecules increases.

46. Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the substance they are floating in.
Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

47. The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense.
Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?
The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense.
Is this true for all solids?
NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

48. Answer: Decrease
Water molecules in ice (water’s solid form) are further apart then they are in water (liquid form), giving ice a density less than 1.

49. DENSITY When does an objects density change?
If heat is added or taken away!!!!
HEAT – spreads out molecules and makes them LESS dense
Take AWAY heat – molecules come together and makes them MORE dense.
Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

50. Chemical Properties
Chemical property: a property that can only be observed by changing the identity (chemical composition) of the substance; you can’t see the flammability of a substance until it is burning, or the reactivity of a substance until it is reacting
Examples:
Flammability, combustibility
ability to rust
reactivity
(with, vinegar, oxygen, acids...)

51. Chemical Properties of Matter :Examples
Flammability: the ability to burn.
Reactivity: The ability of a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.

52. Chemical Properties of Matter :Examples
Ability to rust – undergoes an oxidation reaction between moisture and air
Tarnish – To become dull or discolored
Radioactivity – decay of elements into high energy particles
Corrosion – Deterioration of metal by
means of a chemical reaction