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Music: An Appreciation 10th Edition by Roger Kamien

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1 Music: An Appreciation 10th Edition by Roger Kamien
Part VIII Jazz 2011 © McGraw-Hill Higher Education

2 Blend elements of several cultures
Ch. 1 - Jazz Styles: Roots of Jazz Blend elements of several cultures West African emphasis on improvisation, percussion & call-and-response techniques American brass band influence on instrumentation European harmonic & structural practice Blues & ragtime were immediate sources

3 Elements of Jazz Tone Color Improvisation
Usually performed by combo of 3-8 players Backbone is rhythm section Similar to Baroque basso continuo Main solo instruments trumpet, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, vibraphone, piano “Bends,” “smears,” “shakes,” “scoops,” “falls” Improvisation Created & performed simultaneously Each performance is different Usually in theme and variations form Most commonly 32-bar structure: A A B A format

4 Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony
Syncopation & rhythmic swing are features Rhythmic accent on beats 2 and 4 Syncopation often occurs when performer accents note between the regular rhythmic accents “Swing” result of uneven 8th notes (triplet feel) Melodies flexible in pitch 3rd, 5th, & 7th scale steps often lowered (flatted) Called “blue” notes, these pitches come from vocal blues Chord progressions similar to tonal system As jazz evolved, harmony grew more complex

5 Ch 2 - Ragtime Blues Dance hall and saloon music
Piano music w/ left hand “oom-pah” part Usually in duple meter at moderate march tempo Right hand part highly syncopated Left hand keeps steady beat Scott Joplin – “King of Ragtime” ( ) Listening - Maple Leaf Rag p Basic set CD 8:41 Blues Vocal and instrumental form 12 measure (bar) musical structure I IV I V I 3 part vocal structure: a a’ b Statement/repeat of statement/counterstatement

6 Ch. 3 - Blues Listening Lost Your Head Blues (1926)
Performed by Bessie Smith (Smith known as “Empress of the Blues”) Vocal Music Guide: p. 472 Basic Set, CD 9:30 Brief Set, CD 5:51 Note: Strophic 12 bar blues form 3 part (a a’ b) vocal structure Trumpet answers vocalist Call and response

7 Ch. 4 - New Orleans Style Also called Dixieland
New Orleans was center of jazz Front line of horns supported by rhythm section Songs frequently based on march or church melody, ragtime piece, pop song, or blues Characteristics Improvised arrangements Multiple instruments improvising simultaneously Scat singing Theme and variation form predominates Many notable performers Most famous was trumpeter Louis Armstrong

8 Listening Hotter Than That (1927) by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five
Based on tune by Lillian Hardin Armstrong, his wife and pianist Listening Outline: p. 479 Basic Set, CD 9:32 Brief Set, CD 5:52 Note: Interplay of front line instruments Call and response Scat singing Also: Dippermouth Blues Basic Set, CD 8:46

9 Ch. 5 - Swing Popular 1935-45 (Swing era)
Written music Primarily for dancing The popular music of the time The music of WWII Large bands (usually players) Saxophones, trumpets, trombones, rhythm section Melody usually performed by groups of instruments rather than by soloists Other instruments accompany w/ background riffs Theme and variations form common Usually included improvisation by soloists (singly)

10 Ch. 6 - Bebop Bebop Style 1940s and early 1950s
Meant for listening—not dancing Combo was preferred ensemble Role of each instrument changed from earlier jazz Melodic phrases varied in length Chords built w/ 6 or 7 notes, not earlier 4 or 5 Theme and variations form still dominant Melodies derived from pop songs or 12-bar blues Initial melody by soloist or 2 soloists in unison Many notable performers including Trumpet Dizzy Gillespie, piano Thelonious Monk Most famous/influential alto sax Charlie Parker

11 Listening KoKo (1945) by Charlie Parker
Performed by Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Curly Russell, Max Roach Listening Outline: p Basic Set, CD 9:38 Note: Beat marked by pizzacato bass & “ride” cymbal Rapid notes w/ asymmetrical phrases Spectacular drum solo

12 Ch. 7 - Jazz Styles Since 1950 Cool Jazz Free Jazz Jazz Rock (Fusion)
More calm and relaxed than Bebop Relied more upon arrangements Free Jazz 1960’s Similar to Chance Music Solos sections of indeterminate length Improvisation by multiple players at once Jazz Rock (Fusion) In late 1960’s, rock became potent influence Style combined improvisation w/ rock rhythms Combined acoustic & electric instruments

13 Listening Miles Runs the Voodoo Down
from Miles Davis’s Bitches Brew (1969) Miles Davis, Wayne Shorter, Bennie Maupin, Lenny White, Jack De Johnette, Charles Alias, Jim Riley, Chick Corea, Larry Young, Harvey Brooks, Dave Holland, John McLaughlin Basic Set, CD 9:40 Note: Electric and acoustic instruments Mixture of jazz and rock elements

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