1. Electricity and Magnetism

2. Page 99 – Part 1
Electricity is the energy caused by moving electrons within an atom. Electrical energy is the energy of electric charges. There are 2 main types of electricity: static and current.
1. Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge. It is the charge that rests on an object. Charges that build up as static electricity on an object eventually leave the object. The loss of static electricity as charges move off an object is called electric discharge.

3. Page 99 – Part 2
2. Current electricity is the flow of electric charge. There are 2 types: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)

4. There are 3 ways atoms can become charged:
Page 101
Most atoms do not have a charge. An object becomes positively charged when it LOSES electrons. An object becomes negatively charged when it GAINS electrons.
There are 3 ways atoms can become charged:
Friction, Conduction, and Induction
Friction – rubbing
Conduction – a charged object touching an uncharged object giving it a charge.
Induction – a charged object creating another charged object by inducing it rather than losing/gaining electrons.

5. Page 101
Two particles that have the SAME charge REPEL each other. Each object exerts a force on each other pushing them apart.
Two particles that have DIFFERENT charges ATTRACT each other. Each object exerts a force on each other that pulls them together.

6. Page 103
Most materials are either conductors or insulators based on how easily charges move in them.
An electrical conductor is a material in which charges can move easily. Most metals are good conductors because some of their electrons are free to move.
An electrical insulator is a material in which charges cannot move easily. Insulators do not conduct charges very well because their electrons cannot flow freely.

7. Page 105-Part 1
A circuit is a closed path used to route current electricity. There are 3 basic components to a circuit: conductor (wire), power source (battery) and a load or resistor (device using the electricity). There are two main types of circuits: series and parallel.
A series circuit is a circuit with only one path for electricity to flow, so the charges moving through a series circuit must flow through each part of the circuit.

8. Page 105-Part 2
A parallel circuit is a circuit with more than one path for electricity to flow. The loads are connected side by side.

9. Page 107
Any material that attracts iron or things made of iron is called a magnet.
All magnets have two poles. MAGNETIC POLES are points on a magnet that have opposite magnetic qualities. The pole of a magnet that points to the north is called the magnet’s north pole. The opposite end of the magnet points to the south. It is called the magnet’s south pole. Magnetic poles are always in pairs Magnets exert forces on each other and are surrounded by a magnetic field.

10. Page 109 – Part 1
When you bring two magnets close together, the magnets each exert a magnetic force on the other. These magnetic forces result from spinning electric charges in the magnets. The force can either push the magnets apart or pull them together.. It is always present when magnetic poles come near one another. A magnetic field exists in the region around a magnet in which magnetic forces can act.

11. Page 109 – Part 2
The shape of a magnetic field can be shown with lines drawn from the north pole of a magnet to the south pole. These lines map out the magnetic field and are called magnetic field lines. The closer together the field lines are, the stronger the magnetic field is. The lines around a magnet are closest together at the poles, where the magnetic force on an object is strongest.

12. Page 111
Some materials are magnetic. Some are not. Whether a material is magnetic depends on the material’s atoms. As an electron moves around, it makes, or induces, a magnetic field. The atom will then have a north and a south pole.
Some magnets are made of iron, nickel, cobalt, or mixtures of those metals. Magnets made with these metals have strong magnetic properties and are called ferromagnets (permanent). Another kind of magnet is the electromagnet (temporary). This is a magnet made by an electric current. An electromagnet usually has an iron core.

13. Magnets affect electric currents and electric currents affect magnets.
Page 113 -Part 1
Magnets affect electric currents and electric currents affect magnets.
A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when carrying an electric current. The strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid increases as more loops are used. The magnetic field also becomes stronger as the current in the wire is increased.

14. Page 113-Part 2
An electromagnet is made up of a solenoid wrapped around an iron core. The magnetic field of the solenoid makes the domains inside the iron core line up.
An electric current is made when a magnet moves in a coil of wire or when a wire moves between the poles of a magnet.