1. Industrialization
Sometimes called the “Industrial Revolution,” but happened more slowly
Began in second half of 18th Century
Fundamentally changed how goods were produced

2. Causes of Industrialization (1/2)
Great Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
Geographical distribution of coal, iron, timber
European demographic changes
Urbanization 
Improved agricultural productivity 

3. Causes of Industrialization (2/2)
Legal protection of private property 
Abundance of rivers and canals
Access to foreign resources
Accumulation of capital

4. Development of Machines
Watt’s steam engine; Internal combustion engine,
Resulted in exploitation of fossil fuels (coal, oil)
Increased energy available to societies

5. Factory System Concentrated labor in a single location
Led to increasing degree of specialization of labor

6. Spread of industrialism
Originated in northwestern Europe and spread to:
Other parts of Europe
United States
Russia
Japan

7. The “Second Industrial Revolution”
Second half of 19th Century
New methods in the production of
Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Precision machinery

8. Global trade, production
New patterns developed, integrated global economy
Industrialists sought raw material
New markets desired for factory goods

9. Export economies
Specialized in mass producing single natural resources
Cotton
Rubber
Palm oil 
Sugar
Wheat
Meat
Guano
Metals
Minerals
The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

10. Economic impact Rapid development of industrial production
Contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies
(Textile industry in India)

11. Chinese markets
 Industrialized states sought new consumer markets for finished goods
Britain, France tried to “open up” China during 19th Century

12. Extensive mining centers
Need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production
Copper - Mexico
Global demand for silver and other forms of wealth
Gold, Diamonds - South Africa

13. Financial Institutions
Facilitated investments at all levels of industrial production
Financial instruments expanded
Stock markets, insurance, Gold standard, Limited liability corporations

14. capitalism Ideological inspiration for economic changes
Associated with Adam Smith
Classical liberalism associated John Stuart Mill

15. Transnational businesses
Spurred by global nature of trade and production
United Fruit Company
HSBC- Hong Kong
Shanghai Corporation

16. Transportation, communication
Railroad
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals

17. Responses to capitalism
In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to
Improve working conditions
Limit hours
Gain higher wages
Others opposed exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions
Utopian socialism
Marxism
Anarchism

18. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Some governments resisted economic change
Attempted to maintain preindustrial economic production
Qing China, Ottoman Empire

19. State-sponsored industrialization
Meiji Japan - Economic reforms 
Russia – Factories, railroads
China – Self-Strengthening Movement 
Egypt – Muhammad Ali's development of cotton textile industry

20. Reforms State pensions and public health in Germany,
Expansion of suffrage in Britain, 
Public Education in U.S., elsewhere

21. Societal changes Resulted from restructuring of global economy
New social classes
Middle class; industrial working class
Family dynamics, gender roles, demographics changed
Rapid urbanization led to unsanitary conditions, new forms of community

22. Imperialism Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires
U.S.; Japan; European states
States with existing colonies strengthened control in Asia, Pacific
British – India; Dutch - Indonesia 
Germany; Russia
Spanish, Portuguese influence declined

23. Africa European states used warfare, diplomacy to establish empires
Britain – West Africa
Belgium - Congo

24. Settler Colonies
Established by Europeans in some parts of their empires
British – Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand
French - Algeria

25. Economic imperialism Practiced by industrialized states
Britain, France– Expand influence in China through Opium War
Britain, U.S. – Heavy investment in Latin America

26. State formation, contraction
U.S., European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to emergence of Meiji
U.S., Russia expanded land borders, conquered neighboring territories
Ottoman Empire contracted due to anti-imperialism
Independent states in the Balkans, 
Semi-independence in Egypt, 
French and Italian Colonies in North Africa, 
Later British Influence in Egypt

27. New states Developed on the edges of existing empires Cherokee nation
Siam
Hawaii 
Zulu Kingdom

28. Nationalism Ideology developed new communal identities Germany
Philippines
Liberia

29. Racial ideologies Used to justify imperialism Social Darwinism
“White Man’s Burden”

30. Enlightenment Questioned established traditions (in all areas of life)
Spread often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments
Thinkers applied scientific method to human relationships
Voltaire, Rousseau

31. Religion critiqued Intellectuals critiqued role in public life
Insisted on importance of reason, not revelation.

32. New Political ideas Individual, natural rights; the social contract
Locke, Montesquieu

33. Revolutionary documents
Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority
Declaration of Independence (U.S.A.)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France)
Jamaica Letter (Simon Bolivar)

34. Expansion of rights People challenged notions of social relations
Led to:
Expanded suffrage
Abolition of slavery
End of serfdom

35. National communities People developed a new sense of commonality
Beginning in 18th century
Based on language, religion, social customs, territory
Identity linked with borders of the state
Governments used idea to unite diverse populations
Unification of Italy, 1860

36. Reformist, revolutionary movements
Propelled by increasing discontent with imperial rule
Subjects challenged centralized governments
American colonial subjects led  rebellions producing independence in:
United States
Haiti
Mainland Latin America
French subjects rebelled against monarchy

37. Other resistance Slaves challenged authorities in Americas
Formed “Maroon societies” of escapees
Anticolonial movements fed by:
Increasing questions about political authority
Growing nationalism

38. Religious rebellions
Some  rebellions influenced by religion, millenarianism 
(belief that society will undergo transformative change)
Examples include
Taiping Rebellion (China) 
Ghost Dance (Native Americans)
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement (South Africa)

39. Reform
Occasionally, imperial governments responded to rebellions by reforming policies and practices
Tanzimat Reforms (Ottoman Empire)
Self Strengthening Movement (China)

40. Transnational ideology, solidarity
New political ideologies
Liberalism
Socialism
Communism
Resulted from
Global spread of European political, social thought
Increasing number of rebellions

41. Challenges to gender hierarchies
Demands for women’s suffrage
Emergent feminism
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Mary Wollstonecraft)
Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen (Olympia de Gouges)
Declaration of Sentiments (Seneca Falls Convention)

42. Global Migration
Influenced by changes in demography as global population rose due to
Changes in food production
Improved medical conditions
Occurred in industrialized, un-industrialized societies
Challenged existing patterns of living

43. Growth of cities
New transportation led internal and external migrants to relocate to cities
Significant global urbanization in 19th century

44. Temporary Migrants
Significant number returned to home societies after seasonal, temporary work
Japanese Agricultural workers in the Pacific
Lebanese Merchants in the Americas
Italians in Argentina

45. Consequences of migration
Variety of reactions to increasingly diverse societies
Migrants tended to be male due to physical nature of labor in demand
Women took on new roles in home society formerly occupied by men.

46. Ethnic enclaves Helped transplant culture into new environments
Facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
Chinese in Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, North America 
Washington, DC 
Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

47. Ethnic, racial prejudice
Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants
States attempted to regulate the increased flow of people
Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia Policy