1. Endocrine organs and Disorders

2. Pituitary Gland Lies deep in brain, attached to hypothalmus
Anterior pituitary – adenohypophysis (gland)
Tropic hormones – stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)– thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone –(ACTH) adrenal cortex
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – ovarian follicles
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- ovulating hormone
Growth hormone – promotes normal growth
Prolactin – lactogenic hormone (breast development for lactation)

3. Disorders of AP Growth hormone Prolactin Hypersecretion – gigantism,
Acromegaly, hyperglycemia
Hyposecretion – dwarfism
Prolactin
Hyper – inappropriate lactation in men and non-nursing women
Hypo – insufficient lactation in nursing women

4. Posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – reabsorption of water from urine in kidney to blood, decrease urine volume
Oxytocin – stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of uterus, initiate and maintain labor, stimulates milk letdown

5. Disorders of PP ADH Oxytocin Hyper – abnormal water retention
Hypo – diabetes insipidus – elimination of too much urine – dehydration
Oxytocin
Hyper – increase milk flow
Hypo – prolonged labor

6. Hypothalmus Produces ADH and oxytocin (PP only releases them)
Releasing hormones – stimulates Anterior pituitary to release hormones
Inhibiting hormones – Inhibits anterior pit. release of hormones
Hypothalmus functions in nervous and endocrine systems – dominant role in regulation of many body functions: body temp, appetite, thirst

7. Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) – speed up cells release of energy from foods, stimulate cellular metabolism
Calcitonin – maintains homeostasis of blood calcium, decreases the amount of calcium in the blood, act on bone to inhibit its breakdown, therefore calcium does not move out of bone.

8. Thyroid disorders
Hyperthyroidism, increase metabolic rate, lose weight, restless, excessively active
Exophthalmus – protruding eyes
Graves disease – inherited, hyperthyroidism, bulging eyes
Hypothyroidism – under secretion of TH
Goiter – low intake of iodine, enlargement of thyroid to compensate for lack of iodine
Cretinism – low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development
Myxedema – lessened mental and physical vigor, weight gain, loss of hair, accumulation of mucous fluid (eyes)

9. Parathyroid glands Posterior of thyroid, Usually 4, small
parathyroid hormone – increase concentration of calcium in blood (opposite of calcitonin) fig
Hyper – hypercalcemia
Hypo - hypocalcemia

10. Adrenal Glands – top of kidneys
Adrenal cortex – outer part, corticoids
Mineralocorticoids, MC’s – aldosterone
Control mineral salts in blood (increase sodium, decrease potassium)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, hydrocortisone)
Maintain normal glucose concentration and blood pressure
Sex hormones

11. Adrenal Medulla Inner portion of adrenal gland
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine – secreted during stressful situations, works with sympathetic nervous system (adrenaline)

12. Adrenal disorders
Hypersecretion of GC’s – usually because of a tumor – Cushing syndrome
Moon face, buffalo bump due to redistribution of body fat, can remove tumor
Hypersecretion in inner zone – sex hormones called androgens, results in secondary sex characteristics
In women, caused by virilizing tumor
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex - Addison disease – muscle weakness, low blood sugar

13. Pancreatic islets – islets of Langerhans
Scattered among pancreatic cells in pancreas
Glucagon – increases the blood glucose concentration
Insulin – decreases blood glucose concentration by moving it out of the blood
Hypersecretion - hypoglycemia
Hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes mellitus – high glucose levels in blood
Type 2 diabetes – abnormality of insulin receptors

14. Additional endocrine glands
Ovary
Ovarian follicles – estrogen, feminizing hormone
Corpus luteum – progesterone
Testes
Testosterone – masculinizing hormone
Thymus – in mediastinum, contains WBC’s
Thymosin – several hormones that play in important role in the development and function of the body’s immune system

15. More endocrine glands…
Placenta – temporarily produce hormones
Chorionic ganadotropins (pregnancy test indicators), estrogen, progesterone
Pineal gland – near 3rd ventricle in brain
Melatonin – regulates puberty and menstrual cycle in females
3rd eye – optic nerve, increase at night, internal clock and sleep cycle, supplements help to sleep
SAD – seasonal affective disorder – high levels