1. Solutions

2. Homogeneous mixture made of two or more substances Solid-solid
Concentrated
Dilute
Solute
Solvent
a lot of solute
little solute
gets dissolved
does the dissolving
Solubility
: the ability to be dissolved
temperature dependent
Solutions
Homogeneous mixture made
of two or more substances
Solid-solid
Solid -liquid
Liquid-liquid
Liquid-gas
Gas-gas
(aq)

3. = -does not hold the maximum -more can be dissolved -Under the line
miscible
Two substances that can
be mixed together
g/100g H2O
immiscible
Two substances that can
not be mixed together
temperature
unsaturated
saturated
supersaturated
tincture
-does not hold the maximum
-more can be dissolved
-Under the line
-does hold the maximum
-no more can be dissolved
-on the line
At equilibrium
Settles on the bottom
-holds more than the maximum
-no more can be dissolved
-fallout, b/c unstable
-above the line
Solvent is alcohol
- MUST BE HEATED AND THEN COOOLED =

4. Table G- Solubility Curve

5. Surface area temperature Agitation Solubility
Polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic substances
the ability to be dissolved
temperature dependent
Like dissolves like
Non-Polar solvents dissolve non-polar substances
Factors that Influence Solubility
Solids
Gas
Surface area
Increase Temperature
Increase the solubility of a solid
Increase Temperature
decrease the solubility of a gas
Temperature
Factors that increase the dissolving rate
temperature
Increase pressure
Increase the solubility of a gas
Increase pressure
No effect on the solubility of a solid
Pressure
Agitation

6. Measuring Concentration
What is the molarity of a solution that has 25 g of NaCl dissolved in 500 ml of water?
The concentration of solute in solution expressed as number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
Moles per liter
Symbol M
moles of solute
liters of solution M=
Molarity
Percent by Mass
The concentration of a solution is expressed as a percent (mass/mass)
Percent by Mass =
Mass of solute
Mass of solution
What is the % mass of
58g of glucose in a 2000g
Solution?
x 100
Parts Per Million
A unit of concentration that expresses the mass of a solute dissolved in 1 million parts of a very dilute solution.
Grams of solute
Ppm= x
1,000,000
Grams of solution
How many parts per million are in a solution of 10g of NaCl in 100g of water?
X 1,000,000
110
25/58= 0.43 mol
500/1000= 0.5L 58
X 100
2000
0.43 = 0.86M
0.5
90,909ppm
2.9%

7. Effect of Ionic Substances on the Boiling and freezing point :
The more ions you have the higher the boiling point and the lower the freezing point!!!

8. Colligative Properties-- factors that determine boiling and freezing point of a liquid
by the changing the concentration of solute (number of particles)
Boiling Point Elevation
When a nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent , the boiling point will increase
When a nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent , the freezing point will decrease
Freezing Point Depression
Effect of Electrolytes
A solution that can conduct electricity due to the presence of ions
Ionic-- metal/nonmetal splits NaCl --- Na+ + Cl particles
Covalent --nonmetals -- do not split C6H12O6---C6H12O particle
Need to look at how many particles are produced when solute dissolved
Other examples: Ba(NO3) Ba NO particles-
CH3OH----- does not split ---CH3OH one particle
The more particles you have, the greater the change

9. How to make a solution:
1. AAA- Always Add Acid to dilute
2. a. Weigh out solid
b. Add solid to container
c. Add some solvent to the container
d. Mix until it all dissolves
e. Add solvent until you get the required volume

10. Use the following formula: MAVA= MBVB TABLE T
Molarity by Dilution- Concentrated solutions can be mixed with solvent to make weaker or dilute solutions. In dilutions the amount of solvent is increased, but the amount of solute is kept constant. The result is a decreased concentration, but a greater volume.
number moles original = number of moles final
Use the following formula:
MAVA= MBVB TABLE T
Ex. You have 50.0mL of a 1.5M solution of NaCl, but you need 0.80M solution for your lab. How many mL can you make of the 0.80M if you use all of the 1.5M stock?
MAVA=MBVB
1.5(50)=0.8x
75 = 0.8x
x= 93.75mL
Ex. A stock bottle of HCl has a concentration of 12.0M. The lab requires 500mL of 3.00M HCl. How many milliliters of the stock solution will you need to make your working solution for the lab?
MAVA= MBVB
3.00(500)=12x
X= 125mL