1. Chapter 3 History and Geography: Foundation of Culture

2. 1. Lead in: an Panama issue
Formation of Viewpoints
Viewpoints of Panamanians to USA
History of USA intervention
Geographical importance
Panama – China
Viewpoints of some Americans to USA
Historical Sino-US conflicts
Domination of part of China
TIME

3. 2.Effects of history and geography
geographical
uniqueness
Historical events
efforts to
improve
adaption
to it
attitudes and behaviors
Business opportunities and cross-culture marketing

4. 3. Historical perceptive in global business
Japanese behaviors:
1. A distribution system so
difficult for an outsider to
develop
2. Decisions made by
consensus
3. Loyalty to family, to
country, to company, and to
social group
4. Cooperation
Answers found in
Japanese history and Confucian philosophy in which loyalty is to country

5. 4.Subjective understanding of history
History help understand why a country behaves as it does ——it helps define a nation’s “mission”, how it perceives it neighbors, and how it sees its place in the world.
Understanding any nation’s business and political culture is the subjective perception of its history, with biases and SRC
(Self reference criterion)
—— the unconscious reference to one's own cultural
values or one's home country frame of reference.

6. 5.Establish a historical perspective
To understand a country’s attitudes, prejudices,
and fears, it is necessary to look beyond the
surface of current events to the inner subtleties
of the country’s entire past for clues.

7. 6. Geography and Global Markets
Population
Resource, climate, surface,
neighboring countries…
Efforts made for improvement
Culture
Industries,
Economy

8. 7.Climate and Topography
Product Fitness
Climate
Use and Function
Consuming Seasons
Topographic Variation
Distribution Barrier
Infrastructure
Construction

9. 8.Climate difference and adaptation to it
Africa
Europe
Adaptation to climate difference

10. 9.Topography barrier and improvement of it
Geographic barrier
South America
48% is jungle and forest, 5% arable; separation by mountain ranges with high altitute of 4000m, population concentrate on outer periphery.
China,Russia, India,and Canada

11. 10.Topography barrier and improvement of it
Improvement of Geographic barrier
Europe
English Channel
Sweden-Denmark bridge
South America(Argentina, Brazil,Paraguay, and Uruguay)
Colonia Bridge in South America

12. 11.Geography, Nature, and Economic Growth
Unprivileged countries suffer economic stagnation, many among poorest countries.
-----Most people live and work as they do because the resources of their part of country have opened certain opportunities and closed others.

13. 12.Geography, Nature, and Economic Growth
Overcoming nature barriers, with social and environmental cost.
Displacement
Silt clog (in reservoir)
Ecosystem

14. 13.Geography, Nature, and Economic Growth
Problems in process of development:
Disruption of ecosystem
Inadequate hazardous waste management
Relocation of people
Industrial pollution
Extractive growth

15. 14.Geography in Some Typical Countries

16. 15.Social Responsibility &Environmental Management
Manufacturing plants see regulations everywhere against pollution(industrial wastes) and the disposal of hazardous waste.
Strengthen environmental crisis —— Whether economic development and protection for the environment can coexist.

17. 16.Social Responsibility &Environmental Management
Sustainable development
Wise resource management,
Equitable distribution of benefits,
Reduction of negative efforts on people and
the environment
—— from the process of economic growth.

18. 17. Sustainable Development: Key Propositions that Serve as a Foundation for Practice
There is a crucial and potentially positive link between economic development and the environment.
The costs of inappropriate economic policies on the environment are very high.
Addressing environmental problems requires that poverty be reduced.
Economic growth must be guided by prices that incorporate environmental values.
Since environmental problems pay no respect to borders, global and regional collaboration is sometimes needed to complement national and regional regions.

19. 18,Resources Importance of oil and gas in world energy consumption
Human labor provides the preponderance
of energy in underdeveloped countries
Importance of oil and gas in world energy
consumption
Other energy resources: wood, nuclear power, ocean’s tides, geothermal power, sun.

20. 19.World energy consumption

21. 20.Dynamics of Global Population Trends
People CONSTITUTE markets for various categories of goods——Changes in the composition and distribution of the population will affect future demand.
Necessary to know about:
(1) rural/urban population shifts
(2) rates of growth
(3) age levels, and
(4) population control
(5) rural-urban migration of
world population
(6) population decline and aging
(7) worker shortage and immigration

22. Russia-China Oil Plan

23. Russia-China Oil Plan

24. 21.Rural & Urban Population, 1996~2030

25. 22.Change in world population
The developing world’s population is increasing
while the industrialized world’s is declining.

26. 23. World Population by Major Areas & Life Expectancy

27. 24. Percentage of World Population by Age-Group Density

28. 25. World Trade Routes and Communication Links
Knowledge about trade routes over land,
sea, and air important in making
marketing decisions
The majority of world trade is among the
most industrialized and industrializing
countries of Europe, North America, and
Asia
Need to be aware about communication
links—the underpinning of all commerce
Impact of the Internet revolution
especially for global marketing of products

29. 26. World Trade Routes and Communication Links

30. 27. The Triad: Trade between USA and Canada, the European Community, and Japan ($ billions)
66.3
195.4
151.6
89.0
UNITED STATES & CANADA
JAPAN
91.5
141.7
For additional figures see: “Indicators of Market Size for 115 Countries I” Crossborder Monitor, August, 1997, pp.4-8