1. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

2. COMPETENCIES

3. GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. WHAT IS AN ATP. 2. WHAT IS THE USE OF AN ATP. 3
GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. WHAT IS AN ATP? 2. WHAT IS THE USE OF AN ATP? 3. HOW DO WE FORM AN ATP?

4. KEY CONCEPT
The cells of all organisms need chemical energy to carry
out their life sustaining processes.

5. What do the cells need chemical energy for?
To move
To reproduce
To grow
To actively transport materials across the cell membrane
(Ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pumps)
To carry out chemical reactions –Activation Energy
Ex. Photosynthesis, respiration , All metabolism

6. Energy is stored in Food Molecules
Chemical E is stored in the organic molecules
found in food.

7. Carbohydrates and lipid molecules are the most important energy containing molecules in foods we eat.

9. 1. AUTOTROPHS – MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD MOLECULES USING ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) gas FROM THE ENVIRONMENT *

10. 2 Groups of Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs

11. Photoautotroph – use light E to make their food through Photosynthesis
CyanoBacteria Protists (Algae) Plants

12. Chemoautotrophs use chemical E to make their food through Chemosynthesis
Ex. Archaebacteria

13. Autotrophs make the organic compounds that serve as food for themselves and all other organisms on Earth

14. 2. Heterotrophs – Organisms that eat other organisms (or their products) to obtain energy and carbon compounds
Animals
Fungus
Some Protists
Most Bacteria
ANIMALS

15. Are We Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

16. Autotroph or Heterotroph?

17. Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

19. Energy Transformations that Support Life

20. Two processes are needed to convert the sun’s light energy into chemical energy the cell can use.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
and
CELL RESPIRATION

21. In photosynthesis, sunlight E is transformed into chemical E stored in food molecules
Starch
Glucose

22. In cell respiration, the chemical E stored in food molecules is released and repackaged into high energy molecules called ATP the cells can use.

23. ATP What happens to the E released from food in cellular respiration?
It is used to make high energy molecules called
ATP

24. What is ATP?
ATP stands for the molecule
Adenosine Triphosphate

25. ATP is a high energy containing molecule used by all cells to carry out cellular functions..
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Muscle contraction

26. ATP – ADP ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate

27. The ATP – ADP cycle ATP –High energy molecule ADP –Low energy molecule
phosphate removed

28. When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives off E and becomes ADP.
The E given off is used to power chemical reactions in the cell

29. When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule, it becomes “recharged” to form ATP.
The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from the breakdown of food through respiration.

30. This process is called the
ATP – ADP Cycle

31. Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery”
ATP Energy + P + ADP
Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery”
ADP + Energy + P ATP

32. This is constantly occuring in every cell of your body, millions of times a minute!
The E given off is used to power every chemical reaction occuring in the cell

33. ATP to ADP
Recharging your body’s batteries

37. Where does ATP come from?
ATP comes indirectly from the food that we eat.
Molecules of carbohydrates (glucose) and lipids are broken down through the process of cellular respiration to produce ATP.

38. An ATP Molecule is composed of the following:
A Nitrogenous Base – Adenine
A Sugar – Ribose
Three phosphate groups

39. ATP-ADP Cycle

40. ATP-ADP Cycle Transformation of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

41. ATP-ADP Cycle Laws of Thermodynamics
First law - Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Second law - Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

42. ATP-ADP Cycle ATP – ADP Cycle
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions
Energy is released when a phosphate group (Pi) is removed
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is changed into ATP when a phosphate group (Pi) is added

43. ATP-ADP Cycle
ATP – ADP Cycle
phosphate removed

44. ATP-ADP Cycle Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
not stored in large amounts
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

45. ATP-ADP Cycle Lipids Lipids store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
About 146 ATP from a triglyceride

46. ATP-ADP Cycle Proteins
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
amino acids not usually needed for energy
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

47. ATP-ADP Cycle

48. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar

49. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

50. ADP-ATP Cycle
Cells break phosphate bonds between the last two phosphate groups in a molecule of ATP as needed to supply energy for most cellular functions, when this happens a molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate become available for reuse.

51. ADP-ATP Cycle
When any of the phosphate bonds are broken or formed, energy is involved.
Energy is released each time a phosphate is removed from the molecule.
Energy is stored each time a phosphate attaches to the molecule.

52. ADP-ATP Cycle
To constantly supply the cell with energy, the ADP is recycled, creating more ATP which carries much more energy than ADP.

53. Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
To supply cells with energy, a “high energy” bond in ATP is broken. ADP is formed and a phosphate is released back into the cytoplasm.
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

54. Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
As the cell requires more energy, ADP becomes ATP when a free phosphate attaches to the ADP molecule. Then energy needed to create an ATP molecule is much less than the amount of energy produced when the bond is broken.
ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

55. HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) Assisted by the enzyme ATPase.
How is the bond broken?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
Assisted by the enzyme ATPase.
H2O

56. How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
ATPase

57. The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP Synthetase
ATP-ase

58. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!
ATP Synthase

59. APPLICATION: EXPLAIN THE DIAGRAM
phosphate removed