1. EUROPE I CHAPTER 1
Over the past five centuries the Europeans have influenced and changed the rest of the world more than any other realm or people have done

2. Europe More than 500 year period of hegemony:
Empires spanned the globe, transformed societies
Colonialism- the first wave of globalization
Revolutions= the European advantage
20C- WW1 and WW2, nuclear weapons
Cold War and the Iron Curtain
The break up of the Soviet Union
A spirit of cooperation- EU

3. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia
Lingering world influence
High degrees of specialization
Manufacturing dominance
Numerous nation-states
Urbanized population
High standards of living

4. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
British Isles
Northern Europe
Mediterranean Europe

6. RELATIVE LOCATION

7. RELATIVE LOCATION At the heart of the land hemisphere
Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
Navigable waterways
Moderate distances

8. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES Alpine System Western Uplands Central Uplands
North European Lowland

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Marine west coast
Continental
Mediterranean

12. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s
Based on new agricultural innovations: better equipment, storage facilities, improved farm practices, and efficient transport to the urban markets.
Enabled increased food production ( new crops from the colonies: potato, tomato, etc.)
Enabled sustained population increase
Port and capital cities thrived and expanded.

13. VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE
A classic model in geography
Fashioned in 1826 to explain the economic patterns developing in Europe
Based on four concentric land use rings surrounding a market place
Land use was a function of transportation costs.
The Isolated State became the foundation for modern location theory.

14. VON THUNEN’S
ISOLATED STATE
Market center & the four rings

15. History
Western Civilization- sum of values, practices & achievements that had roots in Ancient Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, and Palestine.
Ancient Greece- the foundations of the European civilization. Influence of the advanced Mesopotamia & the Nile valley.
The achievements in political science, philosophy, arts, etc. have endured for 25 centuries.
The Roman Empire- Rome (1 mill), cities, vast system of highway and water routes, infrastructure, Latin language, spread of Christianity, education
Renaissance- 15C
Discovery of continents- mercantilism

16. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between , the first industrial country in the world!
Why Britain?
- Raw materials, free capital, labor force, market (colonies)
- Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry ( Iron and textile industries first)
The British held a monopoly over raw materials and products that were in global demand!
Proved to be a major catalyst for increased urbanization
Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

17. INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY
Alfred Weber published his work in 1909.
Examined the influences that affect industrial location
Focused on activities that occur at specific points
Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces

18. A belt of major coalfields across France, Belgium,
Germany, Ukraine

19. POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS
Pre-dates both the agrarian and industrial revolutions
A general trend towards parliamentary representation and democracy
Peace Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
French Revolution ( )
Impact of nationalism… continues today
Key terms:
Nation
State
Nation-State ( political- territorial organization, cultural and ethnic homogeneity)
Centrifugal versus centripetal forces

20. POPULATION Please find the following information- page book?
Population in Europe- 2010/ 2025 ?
The country with the largest population?
NIR , country with the highest % ?
IMR- the highest/ the lowest ?
Life expectancy ?
Urbanization
GNI ( the average wealth) per capita
Immigration- Strong Muslim presence!
Muslim communities tend to resist assimilation, making Islam the essence of their identity.

21. EUROPE’S CHANGING POPULATION
Falling share of the world’s population
Fertility at an all-time low
Fewer young people
Smaller working age population
Boom & bust age-dependent
Immigration partially offsetting losses:
- Dress code in France, guest workers (2.5 mill in Germany), segregation (importing brides from Muslim countries)

22. England- Hyde Park
suicide bombers.
The mosque- a source of Muslim fanaticism
1500 mosques

23. CONTEMPORARY EUROPE

24. RELIGION
Christian traditions, but Christianity has not unified Europeans.
Conflicts between:
Catholics
Protestants
Eastern Orthodox
Islamic faiths
Others

25. SPATIAL INTERACTION Movement across geographic space
(IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE)
Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
Complimentarity
Transferability
Intervening opportunity

26. COMPLEMENTARITY
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy

27. COMPLEMENTARITY

28. TRANSFERABILITY
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks
Advances in transportation technology

29. INTEREVENING OPPORTUNITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beer
be cheaper to import
into Italy?

30. AN URBANIZED REALM Urbanization Related concepts
3 of 4 Europeans live in towns and cities
Related concepts
Primate city or Capital city ?
Metropolis ( central city and its suburban ring)
CBD

31. CITIES The term is a political designation.
Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization
The largest cities (especially capitals) are:
the foci of the state
complete microcosms of their national cultures

32. PRIMATE CITIES A country’s largest city Jefferson’s criteria:
Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
Expressive of the national culture
Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens

33. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities
Central
Suburban ring

34. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Differences:
CBD- the oldest part
High suburban density
Apartments
Reliance on public transportation
Land scarcity
Recreational spaces (greenbelts)

35. EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 32-46)