1. Kingdom Fungi Ch. 31 Lecture Objectives Fungal Characteristics
Division: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, & Basidiomycota
Lichens

2. Figure 31.1
Figure 31.1 What role does this mushroom play in the forest?
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3. What makes a fungus a fungus?
1. Multicellular
2. Cell Walls
3. Heterotrophic
Saprophytic
Exoenzymes
4. Hypha  Mycelium
Septate/aseptate
Haustoria

4. Fig. 31.3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei
Figure 31.3 Two forms of hyphae
(a) Septate hypha
(b) Coenocytic hypha
Fig. 31.3

5. Aseptate (Coenocytic) Septate

6. Fig. 31.2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures
Figure 31.2 Structure of a multicellular fungus
20 µm
Fig. 31.2
Mycelium

7. Haustoria (specialized hypha used to penetrate host tissue)
Fig 31.4

8. What makes a fungus a fungus con’t.
5. Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
* BOTH result in spore formation

9. Spores giving rise to hyphae  mycelium

10. Generalized life cycle
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
stage
Heterokaryotic
(unfused nuclei from
different parents)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Diploid (2n)
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
Spore-producing
structures
Zygote
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Mycelium
Figure 31.5 Generalized life cycle of fungi
MEIOSIS
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
Spores
Fig. 31.5

11. What makes a fungus a fungus con’t.
6. Metabolism Diverse lifestyles
Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists

12. Beneficial Fungi
Fig. 31.6
Fig

13. Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Fig. 31-26
Figure Fungal production of an antibiotic

14. Parasitic Fungi

15. Fungal Classification
Domain: Eukaraya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phyla: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

16. Figure 31.10 Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
Hyphae
25 µm
Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
Glomeromycetes (160 species)
Fungal
hypha
25 µm
Ascomycetes (65,000 species)
Figure Exploring fungal diversity
Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
Figure 31.10
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17. Phylum Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
1. Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts 2. Asexual Reproductive Structure: Sporangium (holder of asexual spores) 3. Sexual Reproductive Structure: Zygosporangium (contains a zygospore (sexual spore))

18. Reproductive structures in Zygomycota
Fig
Reproductive structures in Zygomycota
Zygosporanium (sexual)
Figure Pilobolus aiming its sporangia
Sporangia (asexual)

19. Fig. 31.12 Lifecycle for Phylum Zygomycota, Genus Rhizopus Key
Haploid (n)
Di/Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (+)
Gametangia with
haploid nuclei
Mating
type (–)
100 µm
Young
zygosporangium
(heterokaryotic)
Rhizopus
growing
on bread
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Dispersal and
germination
Zygosporangium
Sporangia
KARYOGAMY
Figure The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
Spores
Diploid
nuclei
Sporangium
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
Lifecycle for Phylum Zygomycota, Genus Rhizopus
Dispersal and
germination
50 µm
Mycelium

20. Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
1. Marine, freshwater, & terrestrial
2. Unicellular or multicellular
3. Asexual Reproductive Structure = Conidiophore
- asexual spores = conidia
4. Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Ascocarp
- sexual spores = ascospores contained in asci which line the ascocarp

21. Phylum Ascomycota asexual structures – example here is Penicillium sp.
conidia
conidiophore

22. Phylum Ascomycota Sexual Fruiting Body (ascocarp) with ascospores

23. Ascocarp Examples Fig. 31.15 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel
Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Figure Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Fig

24. Fig. 31.16 Generalized lifecycle for Phylum Ascomycota Key Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia)
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Dispersal
Germination
Mating
type (+)
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Hypha
PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
(dikaryotic)
Conidiophore
Mycelia
Dikaryotic
hyphae
Mycelium
Germination
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
KARYOGAMY
Dispersal
Diploid nucleus
(zygote)
Asci
Eight
ascospores
Ascocarp
Figure The life cycle of Neurospora crassa, an ascomycete
Generalized lifecycle for Phylum Ascomycota
Four
haploid
nuclei
MEIOSIS
Fig

25. Phylum Basidiomycota 1. Mushrooms, puffballs, & shelf fungi
2. ONLY sexual stage observed
Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Basidiocarp
Lined with club-like structures called basidia
Hold sexual spores called basidiospores

26. Mushroom Examples….
Figure A fairy ring

27. Figure 31.17 Shelf fungi Puffballs Maiden veil fungus
Figure Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Puffballs
Figure 31.17
Maiden veil fungus
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28. Fig. 31.18 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating
PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+)
Gills lined
with basidia
Haploid mycelia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Dispersal and
germination
Basidiospores
(n)
Basidium with
four basidiospores
Basidia
(n+n)
Basidium
Figure The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete
Basidium containing
four haploid nuclei
KARYOGAMY
MEIOSIS
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n +n)
Diploid
nuclei
1 µm
Basidiospore
Diploid (2n)

29. Lichens 1. Symbiotic mutualistic association between a fungus & algae
Ascomycota & Chlorophyta
2. Three body types
Foliose
Fruticose
Crustose

30. Figure 31.23 Lichen in longitudinal section
They are the pioneers in rocky substrates, where there is no soil. Lichens break down the rocky substrate into soil and their decomposing thallus fertilize the newly produced soil, making it possible for the plant habitation.
Lichen in longitudinal section
50 m
Figure Anatomy of an ascomycete lichen (colorized SEM).
Fungal hyphae
Algal cell
Figure 31.23

31. Figure 31.22 A foliose (leaflike) lichen A fruticose (shrublike)
Figure Variation in lichen growth forms
A fruticose (shrublike)
lichen
Figure 31.22
Crustose (encrusting) lichens
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