1. RECAP

2. Anglo-Saxon term for someone who was eligible to be king.
Submission
Formal acceptance of and surrender to authority (e.g. the Earls submitted to William)
Aethling
Anglo-Saxon term for someone who was eligible to be king.
March
Anglo-Saxon word for border.
Marcher Earldoms
Earldoms created by William on the border between England and Wales.
Motte
Mound of earth on which a Keep was built
Bailey
Enclosure below the motte with stables and barracks for soldiers.
Moat
Ditch built around the motte and bailey (sometimes filled with water)
Palisade
Wooden fence that protected the bailey
Keep
Strong tower built on top of the motte. Provided a good lookout point.
Burh
Anglo-Saxon fortified town. Originally built to protect local people from Viking invasions.

3. Thursday 08.12.16 Check castles homework – compare M+B with SK
Compare castles with Burhs
the Marcher Earldoms- discussion
The marcher Earldoms exam question
Overview of rebellions and revolts
(including HW checking)
Land table fill in + discussion

4. How were castles different to burhs?
Burh= fortified Anglo-Saxon settlement
Burhs were public (maintenance and protection)castles were private.
Burhs were big (enclosed a whole town), Castles were small
How were castles different to burhs?
Burhs were difficult to get into, but once in the thatched roofs could be set alight. Castles whilst wooden, were hard to light due to the motte and raised keep.
Burhs were designed to protect Anglo-Saxons; castles were used to control them. Due to the dense collection of castles in some areas, troops could support nearby castles.

5. Thursday 08.12.16 Check castles homework – compare M+B with SK
Compare castles with Burhs
the Marcher Earldoms- discussion questions in paris
The marcher Earldoms exam question
Overview of rebellions and revolts
(including HW checking)
Land – table fill in + discussion

6. Rewards and control
Why did William need to be cautious in distributing English lands to his French supporters?
How did he try to retain the loyalty of powerful English landowners?
Why were the Marches a danger to William?
How did William secure control over the Marches?

7. Explain why William created the Marcher Earldoms
Explain why William created the Marcher Earldoms. You may use the following in your answer: -Protecting the borders - rewarding followers you must also use information of your own. 12 marks
3 factors need to be explained (2 in the question + 1 other (see bold text in answer)
William created the Marcher Earldoms for serval reasons, mostly due to do with securing the Welsh border, but also to do with rewarding his followers, these are both linked to his broader aim of securing England from rebellions and controlling the population.
The Welsh border worried William greatly because there had been troubles with Welsh princes in the past that had had to be put down by Harold Godwineson and his brother Tostig. Also, these rebellious Welsh princes could potentially become allies for the rebels in England, William wanted to avoid this from happening. So, he created three new earldoms in the Marches. By giving these new earls much greater powers and independence than other earls they were able to deal with trouble more proactively, which is exactly what William needed. It could be argued that he gave them special privileges such as the ability to establish new churches and have direct control over law and order through the sheriffs working for these earls rather than king, in order to make them really powerful. Making them powerful would give them almost complete control over their earldoms. To be completed for HW

8. Thursday 08.12.16 Check castles homework – compare M+B with SK
Compare castles with Burhs
the Marcher Earldoms- discussion questions in paris
The marcher Earldoms exam question
Overview of rebellions and revolts
(including HW checking)
Land table fill in + discussion

9. The Revolt of Edwin and Morcar (1068) pp.51-52 in Edexcel textbook.
There were THREE main rebellions/revolts in Anglo-Saxon England against the Normans between 1067 and These were:
The Revolt of Edwin and Morcar (1068) pp in Edexcel textbook.
Edgar Aethling and the rebellions in the North (1069) pp in Edexcel textbook.
Hereward the Wake and rebellion at Ely ( ) pp in Edexcel textbook.
NAME OF REBELLION
Causes
Events
Results
Homework review

10. The revolts of Edwin and Morcar 1068
Causes
Events
Results
Edwin may have been cross because William had said that he could marry one of his daughters, but this hadn’t yet happened.
William appeared to have replaced Morcar’s position as Earl of Northumbria even after initially letting him keep his title.
Morcar may have believed that William didn’t trust him due to the actions above.
The power they thought they had following their submission seemed not to be strong as they had hoped.
Edgar goes to Scotland
Edwin and Morcar return to their lands (Mercia and Northumbria) and gather allies against William (inc. Welsh princes)
William acted decisively, first going to Mercia and building two castles in Nottingham and Warwick.
Edgar attacked York and was supported here. William was travelling north to Northumbria and squashed the rebellion and built a castle in York.
On his way North William apparently allowed his men to ‘harry’ as they pleased to spread fear and also as a punishment.
Edwin and Morcar surrender.
William pardoned E_+M but kept them as ‘guests’ at court, in order to keep an eye on them.
Edgar escaping (+ others) to Scotland created another threat.
Williams success was evident for all to see – may have reduced immediate threat of further rebellions.
Castle building had proven to be effective

11. Edgar Atheling and the rebellions in the north 1069
*whilst this was going on there were also rebellions in the south west and on the Welsh border!
Causes
Events
Results
. Resentment at Norman takeover
Fear of losing lands
Edgar hoped to be king and was gathering support
There was expectation that Danish and Scottish help would lead to success.
Two outbreaks of rebellion, both involving Edgar (17).
Norman army sent to the north were attacked at Durham by local forces.
Robert Comyn/Cumin (Norman leader) was burned to death whilst seeking refuge in the Bishop of Durham’s house.
News spread and another English army gathered and advanced to York, attacking the new castle whilst Edgar came over the border from Scotland to lead the rebellion.
William marched his army north, destroying towns and farmlands as he went.
William’s arrival in York broke the siege of the castle and the rebels fled.
Edgar fled back to Scotland.
William built a second castle in York, with FitzOsbern as it’s castellan
The Danes may have believed that William was vulnerable.
The north was still a semi-independent region as many of them were Scandinavian origin and were loyal to Viking invaders!
King Sweyn of Denmark assembled a fleet which raided the English east coast from September 1069.
The Danes met up with Edgar’s troops in mid Sept, the combined army marched on York reaching it on
The Norman army destroyed houses on their way up, but in York as part of this, they accidentally set fire to the city.
3000 Normans are killed in battle with Danes and both York’s castles were destroyed.
The Danes took the plunder.
The Danish army split up instead of pressing south to destroy William’s stronghold.
There were further rebellions in the marches and Devon.
William stood his ground, avoided the sea and swampland in the number and Lincolnshire (where the Danes had moved to) and each new rebel hotspot he went to, the rebels fled.
William paid the Danes to leave (why?)
The Harrying of the North- get rid of support for the Danes when they return,

12. Hereward the Wake and rebellion at Ely 1070-1071
Causes
Events
Results
Hereward a rebel leader in east Anglia had made friends with Sweyn (Danish King)
Hereward had been a rebel against Edward the confessor, and following his exile, had returned to find that his lands had been taken and were then passed to the Normans. He was very angry and had a history of fighting.
The Danes and Hereward raided Peterborough Abbey (the old abbot had been replaced by a Norman called Turold) together to try and stop its riches from being taken by the Normans.
The riches were taken back to Ely by Hereward and the Danes.
Hereward was joined by Morcar and his men, William advanced and Herereward and Morcar prepared to defend the isle of Ely (now inland but was then an island surrounded by marshland).
William may have managed this by bribing the Danes who took the money and the riches from the Abbey back to Denmark.
The Norman's won and Ely was captured along with Morcar.
Hereward escaped.
Some rebels captured by William at Ely had their hands and feet cut off, other had their eyes poked out.

13. How did this affect William’s reign?
Was it simple or more complicated to solve?

14. Thursday 08.12.16 Check castles homework – compare M+B with SK
Compare castles with Burhs
the Marcher Earldoms- discussion questions in paris
The marcher Earldoms exam question
Overview of rebellions and revolts
(including HW checking)
Land table fill in + discussion

15. However in 1069 there were rebellions, for example…..
To begin with in 1066 I didn’t immediately deprive the English of their lands for the following reasons …. 1. 2. 3. 4.
However in 1069 there were rebellions, for example…..
As a result of these rebellions I decided to take lands from the Anglo-Saxon earls so that…

16. How did Anglo-Saxons lose their land?
BY FORFEIT
NEW EARLDOMS
LAND GRABS

17. How was land held under the Anglo-Saxons and Normans?
Anglo-Saxon landholding
Different types of tenure:
Bookland:
Leases:
Fyrd Obligation:
Didn’t pay tax:
New thegn took over:
Landholding under the Normans
Role of William as king:
Anglo-Saxon landholders:
William granting land to his followers:
Landholding under tenants-in-chief
Two things tenants-in-chief could do:
Changes for peasants
Did things get better or worse for peasants?
Did ‘free peasants’ become more common or rarer?
What did new lords do to peasants?
Use the information on pp.62/63 of the Edexcel textbook to complete this table.

18. Thursday 08.12.16 Check castles homework – compare M+B with SK
Compare castles with Burhs
the Marcher Earldoms- discussion questions in paris
The marcher Earldoms exam question
Overview of rebellions and revolts
(including HW checking)
Land table fill in + discussion