1. Chapter 9 Articulations

2. 9-1: Joints Categorization
Joints are classified by type of movement
Synarthrosis (fibrous or cartilaginous)
Amphiarthrosis (fibrous or cartilaginous)
Diarthrosis (synovial)

3. 9-2: Synovial Joints
Freely moveable; joint surrounded by joint capsule
Articular surfaces separated by synovial fluid to aid in movement
Some joints contain a meniscus (pad) or bursae (fluid-filled pockets)

4. Ligaments & tendons provide joint support
Sprain vs. dislocation vs. subluxation

5. 9-3: Synovial Movements Types of Movements Gliding (carpals, tarsals)
Angular
Flexion vs. extension vs. hyperextension
Abduction vs. adduction
Circumduction (entire arm)

6. Rotation Special movements Pronation vs. supination
Inversion vs. eversion
Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
Protaction vs. retraction
Elevation vs. depression

7. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding (carpals, tarsals)
Hinge (elbow, knee)
Pivot (radius & ulna)
Condylar (metacarpals)
Saddle (thumb)
Ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip)

8. 9-4: Intervertebral Joints
Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs composed of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral ligaments connect adjacent vertebrae
Weakened ligaments promote slipped or herniated discs

10. 9-5 – 9-6: Shoulders & Hips
Shoulder & hip joints are ball-and-socket joints
Elbow & knee joints are hinge joints
Joints are stabilized by numerous ligaments

12. 9-7: Joints & Aging Joints wear down with age
Exercise & medication reduce inflammation
Arthritis includes all diseases affecting synovial joints
Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis)
Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune disease)
Gouty arthritis (uric acid crystals in joints)