3. Manganese (Mn) Atomic No. 25 Atomic mass.55

4. Distribution Total body contents = 12 – 20 mg
Mainly concentrated in liver and kidney
Human Blood Contains 5-20 ug/dl

5. Dietary source Best: Nuts, Grains, Legumes, Soybean, Coffee & Tea
Good:
Fruits, Vegetables
Poor:
Meat, Sea food, Poultry and Fish

6. RDA 2.5 – 5.0 mg/day provides a margin of safety
Infants 0 – 0.5 = 0.5 – 0.7
0.5 – 1.0 = 0.7 – 1.0
Children 1 – 3 = 1.0 – 1.5
4 – 6 = 1.5 – 2.0
7 – 10 = 2.0 – 3.0
11+ = 2.5 – 5.0
Adults 2.5 – 5.0

7. Absorption and Excretion
Poorly absorbed (3-4 %)
Mostly from small intestine
Transmanganin, a globulin binds and transports
Major uptake site are mitochondria
Excreted mostly in feces via bile
Very little through kidneys

8. Important functions Essential for many species including human.
Vital component of many enzyme system
Protein metabolism,
Hexokinase,Arginase, Choline Esterase and Pyruvate Kinase
Energy metabolism, Oxidatative Phosphorylation
Synthesis of muco-polysaccharides (cartilage)
Glyco-proteins (prothrombin)
Gluconeogenesis
Probable role in Hb and Cholesterol synthesis

9. Factors Affecting Absorption
High Amount of dietary Iron , Calcium and Phosphorous interfares with Mn absorption from GIT.

10. Related Diseases Deficiency in human not yet established In animals
Poor reproduction
Growth retardation
Congenital malformation
Abnormal bones and cartilage
Impaired glucose tolerance

11. Related Diseases
Toxicity in human seen when exposed to Mn dust for a long duration.
Excessive amounts accumulate in liver and CNS which leads to Neuro- muscular disorder – Parkinsonism
Anorexia,impotence and leg cramps are the early sighns of over dose.

12. MOLYBDENUM (Mo) Atomic No. 42 Atomic mass.96

14. Dietary sources
Some rich sources include organ meat , legumes, and whole-grain cereals.
Molybdenum content of foods varies with the concentration of the element in soil.

15. Safe and adequate intake
For adults is approximately between
0.15 and 0.50 mg per day.
Excessive intake i.e mg/ day, produce gout like, symptoms.

16. Distribution
Mostly concentrated in liver and kidney

17. Important functions of Molybdenum
Essential component of the enzymes;
Xanthine oxidase
Aldehyde oxidase, and
Sulfite oxidase, needed for the oxidation of xanthines, aldehydes, and sulfites, respectively.

18. Important functions of Molybdenum
Mo is present in nitrate reductase in plants and nitrogenase in micro-organisms, where it functions in nitrogen fixation.

19. Related disease
In areas where the soil has a high molybdenum content cattles develop a syndrome called “Teart” which is characterized by:
Weight loss,
Brittle bones and
De-pigmentation.

20. SELENIUM (Se) Atomic No. 34 Atomic mass.79

22. Dietary sources Good dietary sources include
Both animal and plants sources
Seafood, Liver and Kidney are best sources
Meat and Milk are poor sources.
Cereals , pulses, vegetables , and fruits are fair sources

23. Safe & adequate dietary intake
A level of 0.1ug per gram of diet is considered adequate for optimal growth and reproductions, with 50 to 200 µg. Per day being safe and adequate for adults
A level of selenium in excess of 5 ppm in foods is considered dangerous.
Toxicity occurs when the drinking water contains more than 2 µg/L or the diet has more than 3 µg per gram.

24. Distribution
Selenium is widely distributed throughout the body, with highest concentrations found in the kidneys liver, pancreas, and pituitary.
The amount of selenium in foods is proportional to the soil content in the area where the food is grown.

25. Important functions
Although recognized as an essential element for many animal species, selenium has not yet been clearly established as essential for humans.
The best known biochemical function of this element is as part of the enzyme glutathione peroxide, which protects vital components of the cell e.g. membrane lipids and hemoglobin) against oxidative damages.

26. Important functions
It may also be involved in other important biologic processes, immune mechanisms and mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
Required for normal growth and development in animals.

27. Deficiency manifestation
Liver necrosis
Pancreatic degeneration,
Muscular Dystrophy,
Heart enlargement,
Cardiac arrythmias,
RBC fragility and infertility
are the deficiency manifestations of selenium

28. KESHAN DISEASE
Naturally occuring Se deficiency disease in human.
Reported in Keshan province of N.E China.
Low contents of Se in soil is the basic reason.
Disease is characterized by acute or chronic heart enlargement , cardiac arrhythmias and ECG changes.

29. Related disease in animals
A syndrome termed alkali disease has been reported among cattle consuming feed high in selenium.
Concentrations in the range of 5 to 15 ppm have been shown to be toxic to animals.
Deficiency occurs when the concentration is less than 0.02 to 0.05 ug per gram of diet

30. Related disease in animals
Selenium has been found to cure some, but not all, of the deficiency symptoms produced in animals by vitamin E deficiency,
It is thought that this is due to the similarity between the action of selenium and that of vitamin E as antioxidants.

31. Selenium Toxicity Chronic Toxcity ………..Selenosis Its Signs are :
Dullness
Weight Loss
Hair Loss
Impaired Vision and
Liver Necrosis
Not seen in human, however Glass, ceramic and paints industry workers are at risk

32. Protective Role
Selenium supplementation is thaught to reduce the risk of cancer in human.

33. Interference from other elements
Sulfur is an antagonist to selenium in that it competes with this element for reactive sites in enzymes.