1. AP BIO BIG IDEA REVIEW-DNA
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.

2. PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
Image: © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.
How is the DNA in
PROKARYOTES different
from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Single chromosome Many chromosomes
Circular (loop) Rod-shaped bundles
In cytoplasm In nucleus
(no nucleus) Histones attached
No histones
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Noneukaryotic organisms have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic organisms have multiple linear chromosomes, although in biology there are exceptions to this rule

3. Image from: http://blog. carolinampulido
Barbara McClintock discovered segments of DNA that can move between chromosomes called ________________ or “jumping genes” which result in new genetic recombinations.
TRANSPOSONS
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

4. A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.  Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3] 

5. How is the production of mRNA’s different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
In cytoplasm/no nucleus in nucleus translation immediate mRNA must pass out coupled to transcription of nucleus before translation
No mRNA processing pre-mRNA is processed
-introns removed poly-A tail/GTP cap
3.A.1.c. 2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.  3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including  initiation, elongation and termination. 

6. Viral DNA that is incorporated into the bacterial host DNA during the lysogenic cycle is called a ____________
prophage
Name the enzyme used to join DNA fragments to make a recombinant plasmid
ligase

7. Scientists use PCR for what purpose?
Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA
In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with Niemann Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make multiple copies of the DNA what needs to be part of the reaction mix that is added to the DNA.
DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase
Watch a video about PCR
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

8.
Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage.
3.C.3.b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection. These latent viral genomes can result in new properties for the host such as increased pathogenicity in bacteria.
lysogenic

9. Give some examples of products produced using genetic engineering to benefit humans
Genetically modified food EX: Golden rice Transgenic organisms EX: oil spill eating bacteria Pharmaceuticals EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone, insulin, blood clotting factors
Agriculture: EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn
3.A.1.f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include:  • Genetically modified foods  • Transgenic animals  • Cloned animals  • Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

10. Image from: https://www. withfriendship
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is passed directly from one bacterium to another via a sex pillus is called ________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
CONJUGATION

11. Image from:https://s3. amazonaws
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is moved from one bacterium to another via viral infection is called ________________
Essential knowledge 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell. [See also 1.B.3] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Transduction in bacteria
TRANSDUCTION

12. Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis. Use what you know about the sickle cell mutation to EXPLAIN why the gel patterns in these people might show different numbers and lengths of fragments on a gel.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

13. http://image. slidesharecdn
Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so restriction enzyme does not recognize that spot as a cut site. Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spot so produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

14. MAKE A PREDICTION about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell
allele might look like.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

15. Heterozygotes have one sickle cell allele and one wild type (normal) allele… so they have the band seen in the sickle cell lane AND the bands seen in the wild type lane.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

16. Image from: https://classconnection. s3. amazonaws
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is incorporation into a bacterium is called ________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
TRANSFORMATION

17. A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________
A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.  Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3] 

18. DNA protein Hershey and Chase showed that DNA was the genetic
code molecule by labeling
phage ______with radioactive
32P and _______ with
radioactive 35S and following
where these molecules ended
up when phages infected
bacteria.
DNA
protein
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Essential knowledge 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation in the hosts. b.1 . Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3.]

19.
Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage.
3.C.3.a.2. Viruses replicate via a component assembly model allowing one virus to produce many progeny simultaneously via the lytic cycle..
lytic

20. transformation transduction conjugation
HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA in prokaryotes includes:
Uptake of naked DNA from viruses or bacteria _________________________
Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another during viral infection ___________________
Cell-to-cell transfer via sex pili _____________________ sometimes called “bacterial sex”
transformation
transduction
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.  
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
conjugation

21. Image from: http://biology-forums. com/index. php
The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial cells that can form sex pili is called
____________________
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.  
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
conjugation

22. Name this type of viral life cycle.
Animation from:
Name this type of viral life cycle.
Lytic
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.  
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

23. These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E.coli bacteria were treated with CaCl2 solution and “heat shocked”. What was the purpose of doing this?
These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

24. These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, predict what will happen on these plates
These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid
Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid with ampR gene can grow here. Those w/o the plasmid will not be able to grow.
Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid can grow here. Arabinose causes bacteria to “glow”
Bacteria w/o the plasmid containing the ampR gene can’t grow here.
Bacteria w/o the plasmid are able to grow creating a “lawn”
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

25. In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E.coli bacteria were induced to pick up the pGLO plasmid and plated on the following media.  
E. coli with the pGLO plasmid could grow on all of these, but would only glow on the plate with arabinose added because this sugar turns on the ara gene which also results in the expression of the “glowing” gene.
LB nutrient broth
LB nutrient broth + ampicillin
LB nutrient broth + ampicillin + arabinose
On which of these plates would you expect to see bacteria expressing the GFP gene?
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Plasmid-based transformation  LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [

26. EXPLAIN the relationship between FRAGMENT SIZE and DISTANCE MOVED on a gel.
Smaller fragments move faster and farther along the gel
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Electrophoresis  •  Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA  LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

27. If C is the parent of B, who is the other parent? A1 A2 A3
FROM;
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Electrophoresis  • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA  LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

28. EXPLAIN why DNA fragments move along the gel toward the POSITIVE pole when an electric current is applied to the gel. -
Phosphate groups in DNA
Backbone have a negative charge which is attracted to the positive pole. +
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Electrophoresis  •  Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA  LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

29. Which person is the most likely suspect in this crime?
FROM;
Which person is the most likely suspect in this crime?
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Electrophoresis  • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA  LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]

30. IMAGE FROM; https://wikispaces. psu
Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis.
Make a prediction about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele might look like.
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.  • Electrophoresis  • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA