1. Translation
Dr. Kevin Ahern

2. Central Dogma

3. mRNA Structure
Bacteria

4. Universal Redundant Logical Punctuated 64 Codons 3 Stops 1 Start
Genetic Code
Universal
Redundant
Logical
Punctuated
64 Codons
3 Stops
1 Start
2 Unique for AA
59 Redundant

5. Translation Steps

6. Central Dogma
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotes

7. Translation

8. Simple View of Translation
Stop Codon
Start Codon

9. Structure

10. tRNAs - Translator Molecules
Amino Acid Attachment Point

11. tRNAs - Translator Molecules

12. Amino Acid Activation - Charging of tRNAs
Aminoacyl tRNA-synthetase
Type 1 - AA on 2’ OH
Type 2 - AA on 3’ OH

13. “Charging” of tRNAs

14. fMet Synthesis in Prokaryotes

15. Wobble Base

16. Wobble Base

17. Small Ribosomal Subunit (30S Prokaryotes)

18. Large Ribosomal Subunit (50S Prokaryotes)

19. Structure
50S Ribosomal Subunit

20. rRNAs

21. Simple Overview

22. Overview

23. Prokaryotes - Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

24. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
16S rRNA Sequence

25. Initiation

26. Initiation

27. Structure
Protection Against
Hydrolysis
EF-Tu

28. Elongation

29. Elongation

30. Termination

31. Translation in Prokaryotes
1. Binding of mRNA by small subunit
2. Sliding to identify start codon (Shine-Dalgarno)
3. Base pairing of anticodon of initiator tRNA to AUG in mRNA (3 IFs)
4. Binding of large subunit
5. Entry of second tRNA into A-site (EF-Tu)
6. Peptide bond formation - peptide on tRNA in A-site
7. Translocation (requires GTP & EFG)
8. Exit of used tRNA, entry of new charged tRNA
9. Repeat 5-8 to STOP Codon
10. Entry of release factor with water

32. Translation in Eukaryotes
Differences
1. mRNA structure
2. Ribosome sizes (60S & 40S)
3. rRNA sizes (extra rRNA)
4. No Shine-Dalgarno
5. No fMet

33. Translation in Eukaryotes - Initiation
Kozak Sequences

34. Eukaryotic Translation

35. Elongation

36. Eukaryotic Translation
Bonding to mRNA
Premature
Stopping of
Translation
Degradation of
mRNA

37. Membrane Proteins

38. Structure

39. Membrane Protein Synthesis