1. Skeletomuscular System
Chapters 7 – 9: Part 1
Muscles, Bones, and Ligaments of the Arm

2. Muscle Attachment Does NOT move when muscle contracts Does move when

3. Classification of Muscle Group Actions
Agonist (Prime Mover)
Muscle most responsible for movement
Antagonist
Opposes prime mover
Provides precision and control during prime mover contraction
Relaxes when prime mover contracts
Synergist
Aides prime mover
Contracts at same time as prime mover

4. What is a Ligament?
Short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint
Ligaments are similar to tendons as they are all made of connective tissue.
The study of ligaments is known as desmology (Greek, desmos = "bond“)
Ligaments have a slow healing process and if severe enough, need corrective surgery

5. Ligaments of the Elbow
Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament (UCL): thick triangular band at the medial aspect of the elbow uniting the distal aspect of the humerus to the proximal aspect of the ulna
Lateral (Radial) Collateral Ligament (RCL): Y-shaped ligament complex; attaches distal aspect of humerus to proximal aspect of radius.

6. Shoulder Joints Acromioclavicular (AC): clavicle and scapula
Glenohumeral: humerus and scapula

7. Acromioclavicular Ligaments
Acromioclavicular ligament: attaches the clavicle to the acromion of the scapula
Coracoacromial ligament: which runs from the coracoid process to the acromion
Coracoclavicular ligament: serves to connect the clavicle with the coracoid process of the scapula

8. Glenohumeral Joint
Ball-and socket joint that is formed between the humerus and scapula.
Labrum: piece of cartilage that lies directly between the the humerus head and the glenoid.
Provides a smooth surface that allows for the humerus head to rotate with minimal friction, thus cushioning both the humerus and the scapula
Shaped like a ring, with the outer part of the labrum being much thicker than the center of the ring.  

9. Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
The main muscles that are used in conjunction with the glenohumeral joint are the group of muscles known as the rotator cuff.
Rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor.

10. Ligaments of the Shoulder
In addition to the labrum and the rotator cuff muscles, there are four ligaments that help with the glenohumeral joint
Coracohumeral ligament (between the coracoid process and the humerus) and the three glenohumeral ligaments

12. Limb muscles
Muscles of the limb function in: Movement, grasping, balance
Deltoid: muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder; moves upper arm
Pectoralis major: thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the human body; moves upper arm
Biceps brachii: two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow; flexes arm
Brachialis: muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint
Brachioradialis: muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow; capable of both pronation and supination
Palmaris longus: muscle which starts up near the elbow and runs across the middle of the forearm; flexes hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris: muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand
Flexor carpi radialis:  muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand

13. Color Key Purple: Muscles that move the upper arm
Orange: Muscles that move the forearm
Brown: Muscles that flex the hand

14. Anterior superficial muscles of the shoulder and arm

15. Posterior Arm Muscles
Triceps brachii:  muscle (3 heads) on the back of the upper arm; moves forearm
Anconeus: small triangular elbow muscle connecting the medial side of the ulna to the lateral side of the humerus; extends forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus: found on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of metacarpal 2 (pointer finger)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis: found on the lateral side of the humerus, running alongside the radius; extends/abduct the wrist
Extensor digitorum: extends the medial four digits (phalanges) of the hand
Extensor digiti minimi: muscle of the forearm that extends phalanx 5 (pinky finger!)
Extensor carpi ulnaris:  extend and adduct at the wrist

16. Color Key Orange: Muscles that move the forearm
Brown: Muscles that extend the hand

17. Posterior superficial muscles of the arm
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Posterior superficial muscles of the arm
Anconeus
Extensor digiti minimi 14

18. Musculoskeletal System
Chapters 7 – 9: Part 2
Muscles, Joints, and Ligaments of the Leg

19. Ligaments of the Ankle
Deltoid Ligament: medial part of the ankle joint; attaches the medial malleolus to multiple tarsal bones  
Anterior talofibular ligament: connects the talus bone to the anterior fibula; weakest and most commonly injured ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament: connects fibula to tubercle on the posterior surface of the talus
Calcaneofibular ligament: connects the talus and calcaneus
Plantar Fascia: connects your heel bone to your toes; supports the arch of your foot.

21. Ligaments of the Knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
The ACL is one of the four stabilizing ligaments located in the knee.
Crosses the knee joint in a diagonal direction and prevents the forward movement of the tibia (shin bone).
Torn ACL is a common skeletal injury in people who play sports or in anyone who applies a twisting force to the knee.
PCL works in conjunction with the ACL to provide stability by preventing the tibia to move backward.
A torn PCL may be the result from falling with your knee bent.
If the shinbone hits the ground before the knee, a PCL tear is likely.

22. Medial Collateral Ligament
MCL resists force from the outer surface of the knee.
It joins the femur (thigh bone) and tibia to prevent the inner portion of the joint from widening when stressed.
Lateral Collateral Ligament
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) works with the MCL for stabilization of the skeletal system.
Runs along the outside of the knee, connecting the thighbone to the fibula (calf bone).

23. Knee Muscles/Connections
Patellar ligament: connects to two different bones, the patella and the tibia.
Quadriceps tendon: attaches patella to the quadriceps muscles
Meniscus: lateral and medial
Two vital functions:
Transfer the load from the upper leg to the lower leg
Stabilize the knee during flexion, extension and during circular movements.
The menisci move during the backward flexion and the forward extension of the knee in order to balance the change of the articular surfaces.

24. (with tendon & ligament removed)
medial meniscus
Knee Joint
quadriceps tendon
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
patella
patellar ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
Anterior
Posterior
(with tendon & ligament removed)

25. Anterior Upper Leg Muscles
Quadriceps: 4-headed muscle made up of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris; moves lower leg
Sartorius:  assists in flexing, weak abduction and lateral rotation of the hip, and flexion of knee
Gracilis: originates at the ischiopubic ramus and extends down to the tibia; responsible for hip adduction and assists knee flexion
Adductor Longus: main function is to adduct the thigh

26. Upper Leg (Anterior) quadriceps rectus femoris vastus intermedius
(under rectus femoris)
vastus medials
vastus lateralis

27. Upper Leg (Anterior)
sartorius
quadriceps tendon
patellar ligament

28. Posterior Upper Leg
Gluteus Maximus: located in the buttocks and is regarded as one of the strongest muscles in the human body; responsible for movement of the hip and thigh
Illotibial band: works to extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip; knee stabilization
Biceps femoris: Both heads of the biceps femoris perform knee flexion. Since the long head originates in the pelvis it is also involved in hip extension; hamstrings
Semimembranosus: enabling the leg to flex and rotate, and serving as a thigh extensor; hamstrings
Semitendinosis: long, superficial muscle in the back of the thigh; hamstrings

29. Upper Leg (Posterior) hamstring group gluteus medius biceps femoris
gluteus maximus
semitendinosus
iliotibial band
semimembranosus
Upper Leg (Posterior)

30. Muscles of the Lower Leg
Gastrocnemius: Along with the soleus muscle, it forms half of the calf muscle; function in plantar flexion of the foot and flexing the leg at the knee joint
Soleus: plantar flexion of the foot; powerful muscle vital in walking, running, and dancing
Achilles tendon: largest and strongest tendon in the human body; connects the calcaneus to the muscles at the back of the calf
Extensor digitorum: wing-shaped muscle works to extend the foot at the ankle, along with phalanx 2-5
Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle
Fibularis longus: also known as the peroneus longus; muscle inside the outer area of the human leg, which everts (bends in an outward direction) and flexes the ankle.

31. calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
adductor longus
gracilis
gastrocnemius
soleus
sartorius
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Medial Leg Muscles

32. Lower Lateral Leg tibialis anterior fibularis (peroneus) longus
extensor digitorum
retinaculum

33. Head and Neck Muscles
There are 4 basic functions of head and neck muscles:
swallowing and chewing (mastication)
making facial expressions
moving your neck
supporting your head

34. Muscles of the Head and Neck
Connects frontalis and occipitalis

35. Strains vs. Sprains
A strain is when you "pull" a muscle and a sprain is when you damage a ligament. 
Classification of Strains and Sprains:
First degree: a few fibers of the ligament/ muscle are torn and loss of function is mild
Second degree: roughly half of the fibers of the ligament/ muscle are torn loss of function is moderate to severe
Third degree: all or most of the fibers of the ligament/muscle are torn and loss of function is severe
RICE:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation