1. Memory
Chapter 7

2. 3 Kinds of Memory Episodic Memory Generic Memory Procedural Memory
A memory of a specific experienced event
Examples
Flashbulb Memory
Generic Memory
General knowledge and information that can be recalled
Procedural Memory
Memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned

3. 3 Processes of memory-Encoding
Can you remember
the series?
OTTFFSSENT
Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
Visual Codes
Acoustic Codes
Semantic Codes
Memory Tricks*
Mnemonic Devices
Peg-Word
Chunking
Memory Tricks in “Thinking About Psychology”

4. Forgetting: Encoding Failure
Can we forget what we have not encoded?
Which way does Thomas Jefferson face on the nickel?
Never encoded the information in the first place

5. 3 Processes of memory- storage
The maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting
Elaborative Rehearsal
Make information meaningful by relating it to information already well known
Organizational Systems & Filing Errors

6. Forgetting: Storage Failure
Do memories fade over time?
Permastore Memory
Most memory loss occurs in the first few days
Forgetting Curve—Herman Ebbinghaus: studied vocabulary…most vocab was lost in 3 years, however, words remembered after 3 years like to remain for at least quarter of a century—Permastore memory

7. 3 Processes of Memory-Retrieval
Recall vs. Recognition
Recall: Search
Ex. “fill-in-the-blank test”
Recognition: Identify
Ex. “multiple choice test”
Locating stared information and returning it to conscious thought
Context-Dependent Memory
State-Dependent Memory
“Tip-of-the-Tongue” Phenomenon
Fun Facts
Recall/Recognition in “Thinking About Psychology”
Recall: you search for information that you previously stored
Recognition: Ide

8. Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
Interference
Proactive: older memories disrupt recall of newer memories
Retroactive: recent memories disrupt the recall of older memories
Repression: process of moving anxiety-producing memories to the unconscious mind

9. 3 Stages of memory- Sensory Memory
Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
Iconic Memory
Images
Eidetic Imagery
Very detailed visual memory over several months
Echoic Memory
Sounds
Kitchen Example

10. 3 Stages of Memory- short-term Memory
“Working Memory”
Information you are consciously aware of before it’s stored more permanently or forgotten
Can only hold a few things at one time
Lasts as long as you keep rehearsing information– until made permanent
Short-Term Memory Loss
Kitchen Example

11. 3 stages of memory- long-term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system
No conscious effort needed
Kitchen example

12. 3 Stages of Memory Rehearsal Rehearsal Attention Storage Retrieval
Sensory Input
Attention
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory