1. 10
Reproductive Choices

2. Reproductive Choices Conception Birth Control Abortion
Process
Birth Control
Considerations
Available methods
Abortion
Types and method
Pregnancy and Birth
Process of pregnancy and birth

3. Conception
Sperm
Egg
Infant

4. What must happen before conception?
Conception (cont’d.)
What must happen before conception?
Spermatogenesis
Creation of sperm in male
Egg Release
Every month, woman releases an egg into the fallopian tubes and it travels to uterus
Fertilization
Sperm must travel from vagina, through uterus and up fallopian tube to fertilize egg

5. After the egg has taken the sperm into its nucleus:
Conception (cont’d.)
After the egg has taken the sperm into its nucleus:
Cell Division
Zygote, fertilized egg, divides to form blastocyst
Implantation
Blastocyst burrows into endometrium of uterus

6. Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity
Abstain from vaginal intercourse and sexual activity that could result in conception
Outercourse
Kissing, hugging, sensual touching, mutual masturbation
Nearly 100 percent effective, but if man ejaculates near vagina, sperm can swim up and fertilize egg
Female health benefits – Less likely to get STI, suffer infertility, or develop cervical cancer

7. Contraception
When choosing contraceptive method, consider these factors with your partner 
Effectiveness
Suitability
Side effects
Safety
Future fertility
Reduced risk of sexually transmitted infections

8. Birth Control in the United States
Figure Comparing Effectiveness of Birth Control Measures

9. Birth Control on Campus

10. Barrier Contraceptives
Condoms Male & Female
Spermicide
Suppos-itory
Gel
Sponge
Film

11. Condoms Reasons for Failure
Primary reason: Not using condom every time
Careless removal
Allowing genital contact before placement
Breakage
To Consider
Not 100% effective STI protection
Some men experience erectile dysfunction

12. Contraceptive Sponge Failure 15-25 pregnancies per 100 women Rate
To Consider
Not reliable protection against STI
Must remain in place for 6 hours after intercourse
May be less effective in women who have had children

13. Vaginal Spermicides and Film
Failure
Rate
Varies with method
Suppositories 10-25% failure
Film with condom 100% effective
To Consider
Must apply new film or spermicide before every intercourse
Women should shower, not bathe, after sex
Must follow directions

14. Prescription Barriers
Diaphragm
Cervical Cap
FemCap

15. Prescription Barriers (cont’d.)
Failure Rate
95-98 percent effective when used with spermicide
Cervical Cap
Must remain in place 6 hours after intercourse
Must reapply spermicide for each intercourse
Not effective without spermicide

16. Hormonal Contraceptives
Must Use Consistently
Oral Contraceptives
Implant
Patch
Ring
Injection

17. Oral Contraceptives Failure Rate 2-5 pregnancies per 100 women
To Consider
Does not protect from STI
Must be taken at the same time daily
Antibiotics reduce effectiveness
Should have tests before beginning:
Blood pressure
Blood work and urine sample
Breast and pelvic exam

18. Contraceptive Patch Failure Rate 1-5 pregnancies per 100 women
To Consider
Does not protect from STI
Risk of blood clot two times higher than oral contraceptive
Must apply new patch every week
And check that patch is still in place every day

19. Contraceptive Vaginal Rings (CVRs)
Failure Rate
2-8 pregnancies per 100 women
To Consider
Does not protect from STI
Must replace within 3 hours if it pops out
Not effective if use oil-based vaginal medications

20. Intrauterine Contraceptives
Failure Rate
Less than one pregnancy per 100 women
To Consider
No protection from STI
Provides five years of contraception
Should check monthly for string
May take up to one year for fertility to return after removal

21. Contraceptive Injection
Failure Rate
2-8 pregnancies per 100 women
To Consider
Does not protect from STI
Triples the risk for chlamydia and gonorrhea
Not recommended for more than two year use because of bone effects
Delayed return of fertility

22. Contraceptive Implants
Failure Rate
99% effective
To Consider
No protection from STI
Causes changes in appetite and sex drive
May cause depression and ovarian cysts

23. Fertility Awareness Methods
Failure Rate
pregnancies per 100 women
To Consider
No protection from STI
Must abstain or use contraception 8-11 days/ month
May not work for women with irregular cycles
Takes planning and scheduling

24. Emergency Contraception
Success Rate
Reduces pregnancy risk by 89% if taken within five days of unprotected sex
To Consider
Does not require prescription
No protection from STI
Must be taken no later than 120 hours after intercourse
No effect once pregnancy is established

25. Sterilization Failure Rate Less than one pregnancy per 100 women
To Consider
No protection against STI
Must use another form of birth control for three months after procedure
Procedure is permanent

26. Abortion Types of Abortion Complications
Medical abortion – medication induces labor
Suction curettage – laminaria inserted and uterine contents drawn out
Dilation and evacuation – 2nd trimester, open cervix and remove fetus
Complications
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Excessive bleeding
Possible shock and death (2nd trimester)

27. Preconception care is important for health of mother and baby.
Pregnancy
Preconception care is important for health of mother and baby.
Diet, alcohol, drugs, smoking, illness, infection and exposure to toxins can all affect a pregnancy and birth

28. Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks, divided into three-month trimesters
Pregnancy (cont’d.)
Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks, divided into three-month trimesters
Changes
Milk glands and ducts in breasts change
Growing uterus pushes on bladder
Skin stretches
Internal organs shift

29. Complications of Pregnancy
Frequency
Treatment
Premature Labor
10%
Recognize signs of labor and get help
Genetic Disorders
Varies
Genetic testing before pregnancy
Infections
Vaccinate for rubella
STI testing
Miscarriage
10-20%
Check for genetic cause
Ectopic Pregnancy 2%

30. Childbirth 1. Latent Phase 2. 2nd Stage 3. 3rd Stage
Contractions last seconds and occur minutes apart
Usually not uncomfortable 2.
2nd Stage
Strong contractions last seconds
Cervix completely dilated
Baby moves into vagina and out of mother’s body 3.
3rd Stage
Uterus expels placenta

31. Infertility
Infertility affects one in six couples in the United states
Options include:
Artificial insemination
Assisted reproductive technology
Adoption

32. Chapter Summary Describe Identify Evaluate Discuss Understand
Process of human reproduction
Identify
Factors to consider and discuss with your partner
Evaluate
Types of contraceptives
Discuss
The processes of abortion, pregnancy, and childbirth
Understand
Alternative options available for infertile couples