1. The Second Industrial Revolution

2. Wait, there were two? First Industrial Revolution: When was it?
Where did it begin?
Great Britain…why?
How did it impact the world?
The jobs and the work people are doing is changing
People begin to migrate to cities
Advances in steam and coal factories, steamships, etc.

3. The Second Industrial Revolution
During the late 1800s, a new age of industry develops as advancements in technology are made.
New technology led production to skyrocket
New transportation and communication methods will emerge
A new type of business organizations and relations with workers will begin to change

4. Bessemer’s Process
The second industrial revolution was spurred by the development of steel.
Henry Bessemer and William Kelley designed a new way to make steel cheaper and faster.
Steel was used to create:
Railroads
Heavy Machinery
Bridges
Tall City Buildings (skyscrapers)

6. Railroads
Between 1865 and 1890, the number of railroad tracks increased by five times
The federal government helped by giving millions of acres of land to railroads
Pacific Railway Act
Transcontinental Railroad-1869
Steel made it cheaper for railroad to expand
The large influx in railroads promoted trade, provided jobs, and speed up settlement of the West, and the creation of time zones.

7. Black Gold…..Oil
Drake’s Folly: Edwin Drake struck oil in 1859 in Pennsylvania
Spindle top, Texas: Wildcatters (oil prospectors) began looking for oil and found it in Texas in 1901.
This kicked off an oil boom in Texas that lasted 20 years

8. Use of Oil
In the 1850s, a method of refining oil into kerosene was used to create a cheaper method for lighting lamps.
Oil also fueled industrial development:
Used as a lubricant for factory machinery
Will led to the development of gasoline and other fuels

9. Industrialization  Urbanization
The industrialization of America will eventually lead to the urbanization of America
Why?

10. Life in Urban America

11. The Rise of Cities
1870- Only 2 American cities with a population of more than 500,000
By The number rose to 6
Two of those cities had over 1 million inhabitants
40% of Americans lived in cities

12. More people, higher buildings
As more and more people moved into cities (including the large number of immigrants), city planners needed more space Skyscrapers begin popping up in American cities.
cheap iron and structural steel
electric elevator
The first skyscraper was the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, completed in 1884.

13. With urbanization, comes problems..
Urbanization and population increase hit the cities quickly, many were not equipped.
New Transportation methods had to be created…
Subways
Street Cars
A city clean-up system had to be established..
Sewers
Trash collection

14. How the different classes lived
Upper Class
Made their money in industry and had a lot of it
Displayed their wealth in lavish homes in the cities  Fifth Avenue
Middle Class
Corporate Employees (accountants & managers) and Professionals (teachers, lawyers, doctors)

15. The working class
The majority of those who made up the population of cities were immigrants and in poverty.
Many could only afford to live in crowded tenements- overcrowded apartment buildings of low quality
Usually within walking distance of factories, stockyards, ports
Little indoor plumbing
Trash and poor sewage systems

20. Helping the impoverished
A reform movement that started in Great Britain inspired Americans to create settlement houses- a place where volunteers offered services to immigrants
English language classes
Job training courses
Social activities
By 1910, U.S. cities had around 400 settlement houses
At the beginning, Hull House offered day care services, libraries, classes, and an employment bureau. By its second year alone, it served over two thousand people per week. Eventually, Hull House grew to encompass 13 buildings. By 1900, Hull House included a gymnasium, cooperative housing for working women, meeting space for trade union groups, and a pool.

21. Hull House, Chicago

22. The Social Gospel
Most settlement workers were college educated and middle class women.
Many also believed in the concept of the social gospel-the idea that faith should be expressed through good works.
Churches had a moral duty to help solve social problems

23. Cities, New Transportation, and New Communication
The industrialization will eventually lead to the rise of urbanization.
People within those cities need more efficient methods of transportation
The creation of more railroad lines will leave people in the country farther apart.
People will need quicker and more efficient communication methods.

24. New Technology
Description
Impact on Society
Streetcars
Subways
Automobiles
Airplanes
Telegraph
Telephone
Typewriter