1. Cellular Functions
All the different parts of the cell are important to the life of the cell.
Cellular activities require energy.
All cells are able to release energy from complex molecules.
The energy in a sugar molecule is released by the mitochondria in small steps.
After a cell has taken in energy-rich molecules, the molecules are used by the mitochondria and energy is released.

2. Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a in a cell or organism.
Important molecules, like sugar, are processed and energy is transformed to ATP and waste materials.
Not all energy is used immediately. Some cells, for example, those in green plants that contain chloroplasts, store energy in complex molecules such as sugars.

3. Homeostasis and Transport
Atoms, molecules and small particles are in constant motion.
Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, until their concentration is the same everywhere.
The concentrations of molecules at various points between the high and low areas form what is called the concentration gradient.
Molecules are said to move down the concentration gradient.

4. There are two types of cellular transport units:
___________________________

5. The Amoeba Sisters!!

6. Passive transport
Passive Transport = movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell

8. Types of passive transport
Diffusion = movement of molecules from high to low
Driven by the concentration gradient
Molecules spread out evenly till dynamic equilibrium is reached

9. Examples of diffusion… Can you think of any?

10. Water and food coloring

11. Osmosis= Movement of water molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration (diffusion of water)

12. A solution may be one of the following: (compared to a cell)
hypotonic solution: lower concentration of solute, a lot of water
hypertonic solution: higher concentration of solute, less water
isotonic solution: same concentration of water and solute

13. - Plasmolysis = cells shrink when turgor pressure is lost
- the reason plants wilt

14. - Cytolysis = cell bursts due to water entering the cell

16. Facilitated Diffusion = move molecules across the cell membrane through carrier/transport proteins
are specific for the type of molecule they help diffuse

17. Facilitated Diffusion (Open Channels)

18. Facilitated Diffusion (Proteins Change Shape)

19. Diffusion vs. Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

20. Facilitated Diffusion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX-kLh34KcQ

21. REVIEW
The diffusion of water is called the osmosis. Molecules move across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

22. Hypertonic: If concentration of water is higher inside the cell, water diffuses out of the cell and the cell will shrink.
Salt solution
Plasmolysis is a loss of turgor pressure and the cell will shrink.

23. Hypotonic: If concentration of water is higher outside the cell, water diffuses into the cell and the cell will expand (burst).
Provides the plant cell with turgor pressure.
In an animal cell, it may result in cytolysis (bursting of the cell)
Contractile vacuoles are used to remove excess water in protozoa. Animals use lungs and kidneys.

24. Active Transport Movement of molecules up the concentration gradient.
Requires energy
Carrier proteins can also serve as “pumps” during active transport.

25. The membrane proteins are very specific
The membrane proteins are very specific. One protein that moves glucose will not move calcium.
Sodium Potassium Pump – works to maintain a higher concentration of sodium (Na) ions inside the cell and a higher concentration of postassium (K) ions outside the cell.
Requires energy to do so.
Creates and electrical gradient across the cell membrane which is essential for nerve impulses.

26. Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis

27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2- icEADP0J4&spfreload=10