1. To know that different elements join together*
To know that different elements join together **
To recognise different types of bonding by their properties
***
To explain why they have those properties

2. Reminder

3. Close up
atoms

4. Closer still… 24 12 Mg
electron - 12
proton +
neutron

5. How many protons, electrons and neutrons does fluorine have?19 9 F
Atomic weight
Number of protons AND neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons
(Number of electrons too)
electron -
Proton +
Neutron 9 9 10

6. How does this look? 19 9 F
electron - 9
Proton +
Neutron 10

7. Only electrons go in shells
How do the shells work?
Shells
Only electrons go in shells

8. We number shells from the middle1
This will be shell 2
This will be shell 3
This will be shell

9. F Shell 1 will hold 2 electrons Shell 2 will hold 8 Shell 3 will hold19 9 F
Shell 1 has
electrons
Shell 2 has
Shell 3 has 2 7
This is fluorine. It has electrons. 9
* Once you get past element 20 things get a little more complicated!

10. P Shell 1 will hold 2 electrons Shell 2 will hold 8 Shell 3 will hold
Shell 1 has
electrons
Shell 2 has
Shell 3 has 2 31 15 P 8 5
This is phosphorus. It has electrons. 15
* Once you get past element 20 things get a little more complicated!

11. Ca Shell 1 will hold 2 electrons Shell 2 will hold 8 Shell 3 will hold
Shell 1 has
electrons
Shell 2 has
Shell 3 has
Shell 4 has 2 40 20 Ca 8 8 2
This is calcium. It has electrons. 20
* Once you get past element 20 things get a little more complicated!

12. Chemical Bonds

13. Starter
What needs to happen to Sodium to help it reach its most stable state?

14. Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to
N would like to
O would like to
Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons

16. Name of chemical
Sucrose
Sodium chloride
Ethanol
Copper sulphate
State at room temperature?
Melting point low or high?
Does it dissolve in water
Does it conduct electricity as a solid?
Does it conduct electricity in aqueous solution

17. Types of bond

18. IONIC BOND bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons

19. Formation of Ions from Metals
Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals
Metals lose electrons

20. Ions from Nonmetal Ions
In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 5, 6, and 7 gain electrons from metals

21. F K In an IONIC bond, electrons are lost or gained,
resulting in the formation of IONS
in ionic compounds. F K

22. K F

23. K F

24. K F

25. K F

26. K F

27. K F

28. + _ K F

29. K F _ + The compound potassium fluoride
consists of potassium (K+) ions
and fluoride (F-) ions

30. K F _ + The ionic bond is the attraction between the positive K+ ion
and the negative F- ion

31. Properties of ionic bonds
Bond formed by transfer of electrons
Produce charged ions in all states.
Will conduct electricity when dissolved
Will conduct electricity when melted
Have high melting point.
Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O

33. So
what
are
covalent
bonds?

34. In covalent bonding, atoms still want to achieve a full outer shell
But rather than losing or gaining
electrons, atoms now share electrons

35. Cl2
Chlorine
forms a
covalent
bond
with
itself

36. How
will
two
chlorine
atoms
react? Cl Cl

37. Cl Cl Each chlorine atom wants to
gain one electron to achieve a full shell of 8 electrons

38. Cl Cl

39. Cl Cl

40. Cl Cl

41. Cl Cl

42. Cl Cl
Full shell

43. Cl Cl
Full shell

44. COVALENT BOND bond formed by the sharing of electrons

45. SHARE COMPLETE NONMETALS
What is a covalent bond?
Atoms ___________ one or more electrons with each other to form the bond.
Each atom is left with a ________________ outer shell.
A covalent bond forms between two _________________.
Example 1: Hydrogen + Hydrogen Example 2: Hydrogen + Oxygen
SHARE
COMPLETE
NONMETALS

46. Covalent Bond Between nonmetallic elements
Formed by sharing electron pairs
They are not conductors at any state
They typically have low boiling and melting points
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O

47. Now try the covalent bonding practice sheet

48. Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Melting and boiling points – high or low?
Would they conduct electricity when melted (liquid)?
Would you expect them to conduct electricity when dissolved in water?
Do they conduct electricity as a solid
What sort of chemicals would you expect to fall into this group?

49. Covalent or ionic compound?
Using the information from your experiments decide for each chemical if it has ionic or covalent bonds (you might need to check back on the information you have already).
Does this fit with the facts you know already about ionic and covalent bonds? Yes/no
Explain why you would expect the chemicals you were given to have the properties they do.
Covalent or ionic compound?