1. Nucleic acids and Protein synthesis

3. History of DNS Fredrick Chargaff - determined that the bases:
Adenine and Thymine always join together
Cytosine and Guanine always join together

4. What are Nucleic acids? It is a macromolecule.
Remember the other macromolecules ?
They are all the directions to make proteins.
2 main types of Nucleic Acids:
_______
______
DNA
RNA

5. Structure of Nucleic acids
Made up of monomers
Nucleic acids are polymers made of many monomers called _____________
Parts of a nucleotide:
_____________
_________________
________________
nucleotides
Phosphate
Ribose sugar
Nitrogen base

6. Nucleotide

7. DNA Stands for_____________________ Deoxyribonucleic acid
The structure of DNA is a_______________
Deoxyribose – the type of 5-carbon ________
Where is DNA found? ___________
Can DNA leave the nucleus? ____
Deoxyribonucleic acid
double helix
sugar
nucleus NO
DNA cannot leave the nucleus because it is a double helix and can NOT fit through the pores.

8. In the nucleus of the cell, _________________are structures that are made of _______tightly wrapped around Histones
chromosomes
DNA

9. One Strand of DNA double chains sugar phosphate bases
DNA is a ____________stranded molecule
One strand of DNA has ______________of nucleotides
The backbone or sides of the molecule is alternating _________ and _____________ molecules
In the center, the rungs are the nitrogenous _________
double
chains
sugar
phosphate
bases

10. Label:
sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

11. Four Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Two kinds of bases:

12. Chargarff’s Rule ___________ and __________ always join together
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

13. Two stranded DNA
DNA has 2 strands that fit together something like a ladder or zipper.
The teeth or the “rungs” of the ladder are the nitrogenous bases.

14. Hydrogen Bonds
The bases are attracted to each other because of the hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weak, but millions of them makes DNA hard to split
When making hydrogen bonds, cytosine always bonds with ____________
Adenine always pairs up with ____________
guanine
thymine

15. DNA Replication
Occurs In the _________ during the stage of _______________________________
Makes an ______________of DNA before a cell _________.
nucleus
interphase of mitosis (cell division)
exact copy
divides

16. Steps in DNA Replication
The enzyme HELICASE uncoils the DNA strands and then weakens the ________ between the nitrogen bases causing the strands to separate.
DNA POLYMERASE (enzyme) molecules attach to each STRAND of the DNA molecule
Y shaped Fork forms
DNA polymerase adds ____________ to the 3’ end of each DNA strand
Helicase rejoins the two strands making ________ copies of the DNA
The two DNAs contain one old and one _______ strand which is known as ___________________ replication
bonds
nucleotides
exact
new
semi-conservative

17. Why study DNA?
It’s central importance to all life on earth because it codes for all _______________
Medical benefits such as cures for ___________
Better _______________ crops.
proteins
cancer
agricultural

18. RNA Stands for ______________________ ribonucleic acid
Composed of ____________
Has ___________ instead of _____________like DNA
RNA COPIES the codes from DNA and MAKES the protein.
Adenine bonds with__________ on RNA.
Is made of ________ strand of nucleotides
The 3 types:
_____________
RNA is involved in the process of __________________
ribonucleic acid
nucleotides
ribose
deoxyribose
uracil
one
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
protein synthesis

19. RNA Structure Also has 4 nitrogen bases like DNA: adenine uracil
__________
Has the sugar Ribose instead of deoxyribose
adenine
uracil
cytosine
guanine

20. Protein Synthesis Step 1 Transcription Location: NUCLEUS
Purpose: to copy the DNA code (order of the bases) onto the mRNA
Events:
DNA is unwound and _________ unzips the DNA strand
mRNA reads the complementary base and RNA Polymerase adds new nucleotides to the DNA strand
NEW mRNA is made; it leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosome.
helicase

21. Translation ribosome proteins tRNA anticodon amino acid
Location:_____________
Purpose: to convert the instructions of mRNA into amino acids, to make POLYPEPTIDES or ___________
Events of translation:
The first three bases of mRNA (codon) join the ribosome. Usually AUG- CONSIDERED THE START CODON)
_________ brings the amino acid down to the ribosome. The three bases on the tRNA called an __________ match the complimentary bases on mRNA CODON.
Each tRNA has an ______________ , which is determined by its anticodon.
EX: Codon AUG = amino acid – Methionine
The resulting chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide (PROTEIN)
proteins
tRNA
anticodon
amino acid

22. Codons and Anticodons CODON – segment of 3 bases on _______ mRNA
Codon: AUG
UAA UAG UGA
Anticodon- segment of 3 bases on ______ that is complimentary to the _______ codon.
mRNA
tRNA
mRNA

23. History of DNA
Darwin first proposed that there was something in the cells that carried traits. He was doing experimentation with plants.
Most people at the time thought the heredity information was carried in proteins.
NOT SO

24. Griffith’ s Experiment
Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria It was one of the first experiments showing that bacteria can get DNA through a process called transformation. Griffith used two strains of Pneumococcus.
These bacteria infect mice.